Mixed Media Art Essay

Several pieces ranging from sculpture, mix media and physical objects, all the collections of two artists Bergstedt and Ritter, both very well known artists in the San Francisco area came to Merced College art gallery on February 20, 2013. Both artists show there visual characteristics that define their artistic style. At first glance the room reminded me of a childlike setting where everything is just spread across the room instead of being carefully organized. The imagery of these works is cartoonish, childlike, simple and one dimensional. As one walks into the gallery, it feels like one enters a funhouse filled with colorful and whimsical wall sculptures. â€Å"More things to do† and â€Å"Following the Tread â€Å", were among the favorites of visual art work that I admired. Ritter’s ability to portray the dynamic relationships she has with her family relationships: parents and children, and members of her own family, drew me to her art work. She was able to show through her vintage brownie dress a turbulent yet inspirational personal life that included having to do daily household chorus that a child of her era was intended and expected to do by telling a story of her family through hand embroidery. I viewed the long orange tie demonstrated a vigorous working young girl, whose work was never and still needs to be done like a long an endless tapestry of her life. Looking at the maternity piece hanging in the corner of the room was truly my most favorite piece, I couldn’t help but take my eyes off of the picture and felt her sense of how much she loved her son. She explained to me that the Dr. told her that back in those days it was not good for the baby to sleep with you in your bed, and how she was portraying the anguish and guilt of not having her son close to her during those times. To me this piece lets me see her pieces through her eyes and takes me to a more spiritual and memorable time in her life. All of her sculptures of pregnant women offered no clear opinions or solutions. But, in retrospect, Ritter’s Pregnancy endures as both a portrait of a person and a picture of a time. After talking with Mrs. Ritter she clarified what I was thinking, that her art wor k is a visual like storytelling of her life’s family stories by using hand embroidery to stitching, appliquà ©ÃŒ , photo transfer & mixed media on vintage books & clothing, some of which she said she inherited. Moving on I came across some of Marie Bergstedt artistry, â€Å"Summer† the piece next to the open door was very playful and whimsical, the way she used buttons to portray a women like figure as if she was covered in sea shells on a hot a muggy day ready for some sun and beach. â€Å"Telephone tales† a visual colorful artwork of buttons and crocheting was inspired by her foster mother. â€Å"Girl and Milk Can† was a delightful its fibers were Cotton threads, buttons, beads, polyester velour, leather, manufactured felt, wire, polyester stuffing, and the young girl sat on antique milk can reminded me of the days growing up on a dairy and as a young girl just trying to find a place to sit. Although I found most of the artwork to be visual stimulating and eye catching I was taken back with the one shirt that hung in the corner of the room. I was not a big fan of it, I felt as if it was just a basic old shirt that hung in closet for years. For me this piece did not come at me or have any magical qualities as all of the other pieces did. Talking with Marie Bergstedt and Roz Ritter you can get a feel of what their lives must have been like. From there intricate pieces of a sculpture that were from torn and degenerated antique pieces along with new fibers, wire, and button you can visually see these two women sitting and sculpturing there pieces. When I first saw Marie Bergstedt and Roz Ritter artwork, I thought I was looking at collage on lace. Only closer inspection showed that what I perceived as crochet and cutwork was actually hand drawings. Roz also fills the white space of her drawings with collage elements and sometimes pierces the paper with needlepoint pricks, a crafting tradition that goes back to the early 19th century. Mixed media artists create visual works of art using a variety of tools and substances, frequently moving well beyond the traditional. Surfaces and substances found in mixed media artwork include typical artistic implements but expand to non-traditional materials. Mixed media art comes in multiple forms, including collage, assemblage, photomontage, and sculpture. Many mixed media projects are layered, making foundation and timing two of the most important considerations for mixed media artists. Themes of vintage needlecraft and women and their societal roles are woven throughout the artist’s work. It feels as if you are connecting to the past.

Horses by Edwin Muir Essay

The poem Horses by Edwin Muir uses imagery and figurative language to create and associate the the themes such as nature, machine, power and myth. Edwin Muir uses a variety of language tools such as Paradox, simile and metaphor to create a particular effect. He conveys his feelings through the poem and to link to the past. In addition, Muir’s use of rhyme scheme with the repetition of words puts emphasis on certain lines which in turn provides development for the tone. The Rhyme scheme for the poem is AABB thorugh out the poem that gains interest from the readers. Muir uses many literary devices. In the phrase,†Lumbering Horses in the Steady Plough† he uses Enjambment comparing the Horses on a steady plough to a bare field. The effect created by the use of enjambment is that the feelings or memories of the poet are still ongoing and this is reflected. The enjambment helps the poem flow into the next line. The word â€Å"lumbering† is defined as moving in a slow, heavy manner. There is consonance in the words Those, Horses, plough. The Consonance creates a more subtle effect with the repetition of the o’s. The word containing 3 syllables slows down the rhythm of the sentence. The term ‘steady plough’ means a device pulled through the even ground in order to break it open into furrows for planting. The poet implies that he still has a fear of Horses by expressing his childhood dismay for Horses. The use of the ‘Perhaps’ denotes his uncertainty or possibility and he does not wish to be too definite or assertive in the expression of an opinion. The word ‘Childish’ refers to a silly or suitable for a child. He is referring and relating to the past to deliver evidence to fear. There is internal rhyme in the words some and come that adds particular emphasis and quickens the pace of the Rhythm in the phrase. The phrase contains alliteration in the words ‘childish’ and ‘come’. The Alliteration emphasizes the words giving the sentence a good sense of Rhythm and sound. The writer uses alliteration in the phrase ‘standing still’ in order to suggest the silence, calmness and fixed position of the Horses. The alliteration creates the effect of silence by associating it to the theme of the text such as a Machine. He compares that the Horses are showing signs of movement and yet they are standing still. He uses simile to create a vivid mental image and to carry on the effect of the Horses’ effortless behaviour and power. Consonance adds to the effect by the words seem, standing still. It increases the Rhythm of the sentence and combines with the Horses steady movement. To describe the Horses movement ‘up and down’, the and in the line slows the sentence down by the amount of syllables and by connecting two clauses. The contradiction in the line where Muir describes the Horses movement but claims that it is standing still brings out a humorous effect. The line has a total of ten syllables which is a normal spoken sentence.

Analysis of the diaper market

Analysis of the diaper market Baby diaper market has been growing at a nominal rate for some time now. Declining birth rates in the developed world has adversely affected the diaper manufacturers’ ability to expand their businesses. As per data provided by Euromonitor International, birth rates among the developed nations have declined by almost 20% during the last 30 years and are now only half the global average. The global market for diapers was worth $22.2 billion, a 2.9% increase YOY. However, the major markets of Western Europe, the U.S. and Japan posted nominal decline. As a result, companies like Procter & Gamble and Kimberly Clark are relying more on innovation to their rescue. This has also been a major contributor of success for P&G in the past few years. The new found focus is the developing country markets, from which 40% of global diaper revenue is derived. Markets such as China and Russia are providing brands with excellent opportunities for longer term growth. It is also worthwhile to noti ce the trend in the developed markets towards greener products as shown in the chart below Diaper Market in Developing Country There is huge growth potential for these products in emerging markets such as China, Brazil and India, as these markets are still quite underdeveloped and new. For example, China is world’s most rapidly developing nation. While it has taken developed Western economies some time to realise the environmental price of their development this is not the case for today’s emerging nations. In this case even the global recession will enable China to have more time to better make arrangements for considering more sustainable and greener options for its growth. Middle-class consumers are at the forefront of environmental awareness as the environmental consequences of rapid industrialisation and urbanisation in countries such as China and India are becoming increasingly apparent Also in countries such as India, the Philippines and Malaysia, levels of cons umer awareness regarding hygiene products are very still very low. Indian Diaper Market In 2009, manufacturers have been now more focused on more categories such as disposable nappies/diapers. With the increasing buying power of Indian consumers, companies are looking for options which are more convenient and safe to use for the children. Increase in awareness about hygiene is a big factor for thus development. Some of the major development last year is as follows: Procter & Gamble Hygiene & Health Care Ltd introduced Pampers Magic Nickers Kimberly-Clark Lever Ltd introduced Huggies New Born, a product specifically targeting the mothers of new born babies. With increasing awareness regarding the advantages of using the use of disposable nappies/diapers over cloth substitutes, Indian parents are now spending more on purchasing such products which in turn led to an increase in sales value for the manufacturers. Convenience has been one of the driving factors in this change. Even in ti er 2 towns and cities, parents are willing to spend money on disposable nappies/diapers to use when the baby is taken out of the home, for added convenience. Also as babies get older, some young mothers look to go back to work. This encouraged the use of nappies/diapers, as they are more convenient, and they do not need to spend time washing cloth nappies. Also, as babies become more active, and nappies are a more comfortable and hygienic alternative to cloth nappies. However currently the majority of the sales is restricted to customers in urban India. So the penetration rate of disposable nappies/diapers has been increasing, as more young parents are finding it convenient to switch from cloth nappies to disposable nappies.

Expansion of westward settlements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Expansion of westward settlements - Essay Example In late December of the same year, O’Sullivan employed the term ‘Manifest Destiny’ in explaining another issue related to the seizure of the western territory. In connection with this, O’Sullivan maintained that the United States had the right of occupying western territory. According to him, the claim was by the right of America’s manifest destiny not only to overspread, but also to possess the whole areas of the continent that Providence had ordained the U.S. However, O’Sullivan believed that the use of force was not essential for expanding the U.S territory. It was as a result of this that he advocated gradual enlargement of the U.S. through use of settlement. O’Sullivan believed that the settlement of the American communities to the western territory will lead to establishment of institutions related to the American government. He further argued that the formed institutions would later want to enter into the Union. In tandem with this, the adoption of the term Manifest Destiny led to the acquisition of other territories like New Mexico and

W7 Legal Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

W7 Legal Discussion - Essay Example Over the years, different interventions have been used in stopping this situation, including the use of criminal fines and sanctions for offenders. It is however debated in this paper that such criminal fines and sanctions are not severe enough to prevent health care fraud. King (2012) outlined different forms of health care fraud that are recorded in various health institutions throughout the country. An important point that King (2012) made while listing the forms of frauds was that as much as the fraud cost the country several billions of dollars year in and year out, the frauds are also very difficult to detect. What this means is that in a situation where there are not very deterring measures to discourage people from engaging in these frauds, they will continue to do them because of the idea that they will hardly be caught in their crimes. In the administration of health care also, prevention has always been noted to be the best way out to dealing with most administrative and clinical issues that come up (Stuart Showalter, 2011). With this said, it is important that there will be stiffer punishment to offenders such that those who have not been involved in these acts of fraud will have no motivation of engaging in them (Morris, 2009). Fraud and for that matter crime is an issue that works on a cost-benefit basis. This means that when people have a feeling that by engaging in crime, they get better benefits than what they suffer as a result of being caught, they are likely to repeat their actions. Even if those involved do not repeat their actions, those who have not been involved will have no deterrent not to be involved in it. To this end, it is important to take a new approach to preventing providers and organizations from engaging in health care fraud. From a very pragmatic perspective, it is recommended that offender who are found should have their licenses of

Evaluate the Impact of Media such as Video Games, Film and TV on the Essay

Evaluate the Impact of Media such as Video Games, Film and TV on the Behaviour of Teenagers - Essay Example This means that their sexual behaviour is influenced in one way or another. As media exposure reaches out to teenage persons, pornography becomes a point of concern (Wallmyr and Welin, 2006, pg. 292). This is because different forms of media have made pornographic materials easily accessible to both intended and unintended audience. The readily available explicit materials have had immense effect on the behaviour of teenagers. While not all have succumbed to the force of pornography, others have plunged into the ditch of immorality and undefined sexual behaviour. This has been accelerated by the need for teenagers to identify with influential people in the world as they grow and develop physically, emotionally, and mentally. As a result, new trends keep emerging relative to sexuality and sexual behaviours. At the same time, sexual attitudes have enormously changed. The respect and importance accorded to sex and related activities have continued to lose meaning as this generation beco mes more and more exposed inappropriate sexual materials through the media. Even as the negative implication of media on teenage behaviour rages on, all is not lost in that regard. The media plays a very crucial role of sensitizing teenagers on safe sexual practices and the importance of using contraceptives. In so doing, more and more teenagers are becoming cautious and responsible for their sexual behaviours. Media advocacy in this respect is commendable but the challenge surrounding teenagers and explicit sexual exposure through the media still remains. Over and above the sexuality factor, the daily lifestyles and standards observed by teenagers have faced the influence of the media. As earlier mentioned, the media platform is characterized by global diversity and dynamism. For... The above discussion does not imply that the media only affects eating behaviours negatively among teenagers. In fact, there are key positive aspects associated with the media as far as eating behaviour is concerned. The media is a rich source of information on weight loss programs. These programs have made it possible for teenagers to manage their own weights from wherever they are all over the world. TV programs offer help to persons dealing with eating disorders. There are doctors’ reality shows that are primarily designed for teenagers and teenage life, and they are meant to enhance the quality of life that teenagers lead. Over and above that films have been developed that deal with eating behaviour among other issues that teenagers face. In the process, media also fosters a positive behaviour line among teenagers although both the open and underlying negative implications are still critical. This report makes a conclusion that all said and done about the positives of the media on eating habits, research indicates that most of the teenagers with eating disorders have developed them from watching too many model media shows such America’s next top model and in their emulation of these celebrities, they end up with the eating disorders. Video games have been the main mode of entertainment for the teenagers in the recent past. More evidence of this violence and even that which is seen in the television and action or thriller films is portrayed in their social life where most of them and especially boys constantly engage in fights and other violent behaviour all in the name of emulating their favourite character from the media.

Building and leading creative teams Research Paper

Building and leading creative teams - Research Paper Example Mayo’s motivation theory can therefore be applied in understanding another possible reason why Jeannie ceased to work as a freelancer and joined McTate & Mann advertising company. It is possible that Jeannie considered the social needs of being viewed as a career driven individual by the society by going to work rather than freelancing from home. Nonetheless, the main focus of Mayo’s motivational theory is the manner in which managers and leaders treat employees in relation to meting their social needs (Wilson & Madsen, 2008). It is evident that the social needs of both Jeannie and Sandy are met at the work place because they are happy with their work. The social needs of employees are further described by Maslow’s theory of motivation. According to Maslow’s theory, there are five distinct levels of human needs which should be met for them to feel motivated. The social needs of employees are postulated by Maslow within the third level of his hierarchy of needs. These include the sense of belonging and love needs (Wilson & Madsen, 2008). It can be depicted therefore that Sandy and Jeannie were motivated to leave their respective jobs for McTate & Mann because they needed to belong to a group. Moreover, Sandy and Jeannie needed to belong to a recognized company which met their needs for belonging. In addition to the social needs, the physiological needs are postulated in the first level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The physiological needs include hunger and thirst (Wilson & Madsen, 2008). Through a good pay at McTate & Mann, Sandy and Jeannie would not go hungry or thirst. Therefore this justifies their motiv ation to work with the advertising company rather than their previous jobs. Furthermore, Maslow’s theory of motivation postulates that employees are motivated if their safety needs are met (Viorel, Aurel, Virgil & Stefania,

I used to live here once by Jean Rhys Discuss how this visit reflects Essay

I used to live here once by Jean Rhys Discuss how this visit reflects her feelings of displacement, taking into - Essay Example The story is thus more of an autobiography where the author talks about her life. The title of the story is symbolic as she wrote many literary works about the Dominican Republic during her school in Britain. The short story I Used to Live Here Once is a small story in a collection of stories Sleep It off Lady. Therefore, the story is symbolic as it amplifies the despair, loneliness, and psychological trauma that come along with isolation in the persona life as she lacks a real identity and people to identify with. Frickey (100) explains that the story being very short has been symbolically placed in the novel to signify a case of finale, which may signify the return of Rhys after many years of exile to Dominican Republic. The strong emotional presentation of the persona’s return in the story is crucial because of an important incidence in her life. The story is presented in a third person presentation, implying the narrator is not part of the story, which may signify lack of identity as the narrator was removed from her ancestral home, she lost her identity and she presents herself as another person in case of duality. The title signifies the narrator is the main actor, but the use of third person may reflect loss of identity as explained. The story is an emotional reflection, where the persona recalls her past life, and the developments that had occurred with her absence, recounting the mysterious journeys in life and the effects they had in her life. The fragmentation is the main style employed in the narrative: the author balances the present and past throughout the story, in connecting memories and the present until the end. Symbolism is another major stylistic device employed by the author. At the beginning, the author describes her surroundings as a â€Å"blue day,† and that the sky looked â€Å"glassy† (Rhys 358). The blue day is symbolic of the clarity that the narrator remembers all events and her past life in the place she used t o call home. However, glassy represents the new ‘unremembered’ life that signifies the new life as she closes the river to search for her lost heavens. The sky looks glassy therefore signifies the unclear that she steps into after closing the river. This glassy and blue sky looks portray the reflections of the persona between the past that she clearly remembers, and knew, and a new life that is not clear to her. Frickey further argues that â€Å"she† is extraordinarily happy walking alone, recognizing the previous settings and noting the changes (100). Everything was thus much clear the persona, making her happy. The novel starts as she is standing at the bank of a river, watching the flowing water, remembering each stepping stone (Rhys 358), and everything was as she remembered. Flowing water is symbolic of the rolling wheels of life. The persona is reflecting on how life has passed, and she clearly remembers each detail of her life as symbolized by stones. The unsafe stone was perhaps what had caused her disconnect and removal from her ancestral home; as agitation by the natives increased symbolized by overflowing water, they were forced to exile. Wilson (68) explains that Rhys was just like other people who were forced to exile and disconnected from their ancestry, and their past. The session at the river therefore signifies reflection of how life has passed and the events that have happened since they were removed from their land. The theme of isolation and

Ministere Public v Deserbais Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ministere Public v Deserbais - Essay Example The court’s ruling may lead to different interpretations of the judgment and it may raise more questions about the justice system. To avoid such conflicts after judgments, the courts ensure that they make judgments that can be backed up with factual scripts on the law. Cases that generate conflicts are normally those in which the land’s laws are not quite parallel to the provisions of the international laws. Whenever a nation signs an international treaty, the provisions of the treaty may directly affect the laws in the country. The policies of the treaty may dictate one thing while the land law calls for the direct opposite. It is also possible that the treaty may give provisions that are not allowed by the nation in question. There have been several cases that have fuelled heated debates in Europe over the past several decades. One of the most popular cases relating to such conflicts was the Case 286/86 Ministere Public v Deserbais [1988] ECR 4907. This paper will ana lyse the case between Ministere Public v Deserbais. Case analysis Gerard Deserbais was a director in a dairy products business that was playing in the German and French economies. Deserbais had registered his business under the name â€Å"Edam† in France. Edam was the name of the dairy products that the business man was importing to France from Germany. According to analysis done on the imported cheese from Germany, its fats content was 34.3%. Under the French legislation, the name â€Å"Edam† is restricted to cheese containing a minimum of 40% fats. According to the Stresa convention adopted in 1951, the dairy businessmen should only use specific names of their cheese if the cheese meets the required standards (Ministere Public v. Gerard Deserbais, 1988). Following the detection of Gerard Deserbais’ cunning business activities, the French authority arrested him and he was charged with the offence of using a restricted trade name without meeting the provisions o f the name in question. According to the French legislation, the Cheese was substandard and the business man had been swindling the public of the right to consumption of â€Å"Edam† cheese as provided by the name. The most controversial question was whether Deserbais was well acquainted with the provisions of the law in France or not, but in his defence, he suggested that he was well aware of the meaning of the trade name (Ministere Public v. Gerard Deserbais, 1988). The fact that he was ignorant about the French legislation made things worse for his defence. The court did not sympathise with him. Accusation Gerard Deserbais was accused of using a reserved trade name for his cheese in France. He was accused of criminal business activities on grounds that the name â€Å"Edam† was specifically reserved by the French law for cheese containing more than 40% fat. The French Legislation passed the law in 1951 and the trade name was specifically only used by traders whose pro ducts passed the test of the name’s requirements. Edam cheese was a dairy product that was very popular in Germany and it was 34% made of fats. This information about the content of the cheese was made known to the German public through a clear content list pinned to the cheese containers (Wolf, 1999). The basis of the accusations on Mr. Deserbais were controversial since the French legislation claimed that the use of the name was illegal for the substandard cheese products while in the EEC Treaty, which France was a member state, had an article that allowed the member states to import their products freely. Mr. Deserbais’s defence used Article 234 EEC as the backbone of their case.

WWII Inventions and Innovations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

WWII Inventions and Innovations - Essay Example One can only begin to imagine where the world would be now if WWII had not happened. The innovations that resulted from WWII are quite significant and still present in modern society. Some significant events that took place during WWII that have impacted my life as well as the lives of many sometimes go unnoticed but not forgotten. Women took on a new role in society and men fought for freedom. New weapons were created as well as the means for new technology. Hitler’s power was defeated and the Japanese went against the odds and made a surprising attack on Pearl Harbor. This attack began the start of the war and America bombed two Japanese territories that finished the war. The end of the war also marked a milestone in history as this started a new way of life for many. The role of women is one of the most innovative and long running changes that can still be seen in modern society as result of WWII. When WWII began women had a role that left them limited to taking care of the home, children and husband. These roles women had made their presence in the work field limited and their motivation to step up in society low. WWII made it necessary for men to go to war. This meant that the men would be leaving the home and the women were then forced with the burden to take care of everything that they were once before limited too. With many men off to war but the production of war supplies at an all time high, women were encouraged to step up and go to work. Many women not only worked like men once did, but women were also enlisting in the war. The government helped force this upon women with the use of advertising. Many billboards and posters were placed for women to see that encouraged them to step up in society. This is known in history as Rosie the Riveters. The events that WWII had on women and their new role in society have affected lives even to this day. Women are still working many jobs alongside men as well as taking care of the household. Women are mo re outspoken and honored for their many achievements. Without WWII, the role of women in society would not be as flourished as it is because of the result of WWII. The government was also able to use this as a way to investigate the affects that the mass media has on others. The response to the advertising toward women was so successful that the government was able to gain power through motivation. Weapons and technology that were invented during WWII are also used today and can be seen as building blocks for other weapons and technological advances. The medical field, weaponry and communications have come a long way since WWII but without advances made in WWII, many may not have been possible. Weapons and military advancement that have impacted modern day life and helped to advance the war include new ships and guns, the use of navigation and espionage and the rise in factory work this created. Many countries were constantly developing new ways that allowed them to take on a more p owerful stance during WWII. Medical advancements developed during WWII helped many survive injuries and are still used today. Although drugs such as penicillin were created before WWII the need was high for those in the front lines of war. What this meant was that penicillin needed to be mass produced and stored efficiently so that it could be beneficial. The ability to mass produce and distribute penicillin has impacted lives today. Pharmaceutical companies are now able to better keep up with the demand of many medicines that each one of us use every day. Communication as a result of WWII has made many impacts. These impacts include allowing communication to be as advanced as it now is. The results are the

Emergency Department Essay Example for Free

Emergency Department Essay I am a senior staff nurse working in the Emergency Department in an Acute General Hospital in Singapore. I have been assigned by my senior nurse manage to mentor Susan, a third year student nurse. As Susan was observed to be underachieving, I aim to use the Gibbs reflective cycle (1988) to guide me to identify the issues that have arisen during the placement and plan strategies to help Susan achieve her expected competencies at this stage of her clinical placement. Upon completion of the reflective cycle, mentor should be able to come up with methods that can help to resolve the student’s identified problems. It is important that windows of learning opportunities are created for reflection to be done and thus help both the mentor and mentee for future progression. Stage 1: Description Susan, a third year student nurse, is in her penultimate clinical placement of her three years training course. She had just reached the end of her second week of placement and has another four weeks to completion. The ward staff had observed that she was not entering patient’s vital signs, at times, into the system. The hospital uses the electronic system of entering patients’ charts. In addition, it appears that Susan did not inform any staff when there were abnormal readings, for example: there were two occasions where a raised temperature in a patient receiving blood transfusion and a head injury patient with an altered level of consciousness. Whilst having a weekly debriefing session as agreed during the first day of Susan’s clinical posting, the mentor was aware that Susan did fail to achieve the basic competency, which was required of her. The mentor had to stress to Susan on the importance of recording vital signs as it determines the patient’s prognosis. Thus, the mentor decided to develop an action plan (SMART) template (Kerry, 2012, Appendix 3), to aid Susan’s progression. Stage 2: Feelings Given a mentor’s role, it was a concern to me that I did not pick up Susan’s problem until my colleagues’ feedback. As Susan was proceeding to her third week of posting, it was crucial to speak to Susan and find out more in depth what might have led her to the behavior seen. I felt that Susan may not have the theoretical knowledge regarding what were the implications if fever occurs during

Evolution of Detective Fiction Essay Example for Free

Evolution of Detective Fiction Essay Twenty-first century detective stories are blooming with action, conflict, mystery and so on. But this is only recent development. There is a lot more to it than most people think. From a French man named Vidocq to the creation of modern detective fiction by Edgar Allan Poe, until today’s development of detective stories and its characters. So what made Poe such an important figure in detective fiction history, and in what way did his creation develop after his death? In my study I will try to answer these questions to the best of my capabilities. People started to take interest in crime stories in the early 1800, caused by their fascination and fear of crime. It was the town folks that started to romanticize criminals, as well those who stood up against them: â€Å"The first writing on urban crime pretended to be documentary, but it was filled with archetypes and plots from preceding fiction, particularly the gothic novel† (Marling 2). The detective as a figure first saw light in the early nineteenth century. Eugà ¨ne Franà §ois Vidocq who is considered to be the father of modern criminology and the first private detective wrote Memoirs of Vidocq which inspired writers like Viktor Hugo’s Les Misà ©rables and Honorà © de Balzac’s Le Pere Goriot in creating first of many detective figures based on Vidocq. Of course there were other writers, not just crime stories but novels as well, to whom Vidocq served as an inspiration. A good example to this is Charles Dickens novel Great Expectations. The main and most important difference between the earlier mentioned crime stories and Poe’s Murders in the Rue Morgue is that they didn’t construct their story/case around the detectives: â€Å"Before Poe, the early crime stories did not revolve around the individual detective â€Å"(freewebs editor 3). Crime Fiction is essentially about the solving of a crime, usually a mystery of murder. Crime Fiction texts question what it is to be human and raise questions about identity. (freewebs editor 1) When Poe created Dupin, most of his very own traits were given to the character. Since Poe himself didn’t believe in the supernatural neither did Dupin, giving him a far more realistic view of things, which I believe essentially gave the detective a big step ahead of others when solving a case. In â€Å"The Murders in the Rue Morgue† Poe introduces three of the basic motifs of detective fiction. First is the wrongly suspected man, secondly the crime in the close d room and  finally the solution by unexpected means. It is also important to note the Dupin outsmarts the police by solving the case, which is an element that if not all but certainly most detective storie’s adopted. In The Purloined Letter the reader gets to know another favored element of the detective fiction: recovery and safe keeping of the â€Å"document(s)† needed to ensure the safety of one or more important individuals. In order to make sure Dupin succeeds in this task, Poe introduces yet again important motifs known to the detective fiction: the outsmarting\deceiving of other genius minds, the finding of the evidence in the most obvious place and the use of disguise. Although the element of disguise might not seem so evident at first reading, I am most certain that the use of the green spectacles in order to deceive D—serves as an early version of using clothing or other accessories in order to misguide another character. In the third story of Dupin, The Mystery of Marie Rogà ªt, Poe introduces the method of recreating a crime by recollecting and putting together newspaper reports of the same case. While Poe’s greatest detective fiction will be the one’s pre senting Dupin, we must take a step in taking in to notice Poe’s other two works Thou Art the Man and The Gold Bug readers are familiarized with new motifs from the repertory of detective fiction: the criminals spirit breaks and confesses when he is faced with the enormity of his crime, misguidance by following the wrong clues and the climaxing moment when that the criminal is the least likely suspected person. And of course all five stories have the common unexpected ending which was common to gothic novels in Poe’s time. We must not forget however that there were a few other detective stories in which Dupin makes his appearance even though they weren’t written by Poe. Such stories are like: The Vanished Treasure and The Fires in the Rue St. Honorà © which appeared in a collection of seven short stories by the publisher Mycroft Moran, The Murder of Edgar Allen Poe by George Egon Hatvary, etc. The interesting fact about most of these stories in which Dupin makes an appearance is that he either meets or gets regarded as being Poe himself Just as Vidocq in his own time, Poe’s writings served as role model for the new detective fiction, but unlike Poe who introduced the reader to a new type, a reformed detective story, the new generation of writers kept and used the new motifs and elements which Poe created. None other could serve as a better example for this than the mo st widely known detective in world,  namely Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes. In my personal opinion Holmes serves as the best comparison to Dupin. They represent the perfect rivals in what I’d like to call â€Å"who’s the better detective†. In order to make my point in why Dupin is the superior I’ll point out a few of their similarities. First and most likely observed by all readers that both detectives are presented by a narrator who just happens to be their best friend. Like Dupin, Holmes uses cold logic in the solving of the cases. While today’s detectives seem to be more calm and appear to have part in way more action, Dupin and Holmes isolate themselves, they are eccentric, somewhat egoistic and they both enjoy smoking the pipe. But most importantly in their stories the focus is on the case and the solving of the puzzle rather than putting the main protagonists in the middle of the action. While few say that Holmes is a copy of Dupin, most would consider Holmes to be the perfected version of his superior. In A Study in Scarlett Holmes sidekick Dr. Watson makes a comparison between the two detectives: â€Å"Now, in my opinion, Dupin was a very inferior fellow †¦ He had some analytical genius, no doubt; but he was by no means such a phenomenon as Poe appeared to imagine.†(Doyle 24). I believe that most important trait of Dupin that separates him from the other detectives is that he wasn’t exactly a role model for the mentally stable. This of course is the effect of the loss of his inheritance. While Holmes himself wasn’t the charming kind of fellow one might choose as friend(he was addicted to cocaine, stayed up for hours walking around or playing on his violin, making smelly chemical experiments and he even fired off his gone sometimes), his bad habits were of his choosing and making so it wasn’t nearly as bad as Dupins case. Of course Holmes isn’t the only one to be created in Dupins image. Hercule Poirot created by Agatha Christie in one of the characters on which Dupin had a huge impact. In the 20th century the detective fictions have considerably changed in the way they are seen. This of course is due to the new generation. Most of the younger generation lack the imagination to fully understand and enjoy such works as The Murders In The Rue Morgue or Sherlock Holmes due to the fact that they lack action. Today’s generation is used to all the constant action and violence thanks to TV and PC games. So as these factors changed society  entertainment industries took on new elements. Since recent years haven’t produced any film adaptations about Dupin, I’ll have to stick with Sherlock Holmes. The new movie, while still being a detective story, can be easily put into the genre of action. Consider the movie to be most enjoyable despite the fact that it completely lost the book’s magic. With all its stunning visuals and extreme action scenes it is hard for me to find it anything nearly as the book. I believe that the only thing which is kept in it is Holmes himself. Holmes remained the same seemingly mad but genius and efficient detective I got to like from the book while Watson became a 19th century action hero. One must know the detective fiction motifs in order to identify them in the movie, but I assure that they are present. In conclusion, detective fiction is a genre still under development, since new elements are only starting to emerge and all is thanks to the drastic change of technology and way of thinking. But this doesn’t mean that it will surely develop in a positive way. There are way too many factors that play a part in it, however we take our part in preserving the bases of this great genre and putting our own ideas to it in while to make it even greater. But this is question only time will answer and the people who work on it.

Tata Motors Capture Increase Market Share In India Marketing Essay

Tata Motors Capture Increase Market Share In India Marketing Essay The acquisition of the two global brands- Jaguar and Land Rover acts in a crucial way to increase and develop the brand reputation and the quality of products for Tata Motors. It provides plenty of opportunity to the Indian consumer and the developing Indian automobile market can also help the launch of brands in the long-term. It can reap economies of scale through component sourcing and low cost engineering. Weakness: With different product portfolios for both brands it will be a challenging task ahead to market the same in the price sensitive Indian market. But this could be overcome through proper market research. Another concern is the diminishing image due to the continued losses and a de motivated work force due to the change in management. With right training and incentives and proper marketing strategies the company can convert these negatives to strengths. Opportunities: This launch is a great opportunity for the Indian customer and target the growing Indian market. Automobile market is developing in India and placed with launch of Nano, Tata Motors will be in a good position capture a larger share of the market. Threats: Increasing fuel prices combined with global meltdown will be a challenge for the company to stay afloat and over come the losses. In addition the strong competition can threaten the expected sales of the company. However the inherent financial and managerial strength of the conglomerate should be able to let the company withstand the challenges and move ahead. A danger that remains is that with the new ownership international brand loyalties may change and customers may move towards other models in the market. Ansoff Matrix: The Ansoff Matrix is an analytical tool that helps managers to devise their product and market growth strategies. It consists of four growth strategies namely- Market penetration, Market Development under new and existing and markets AND Product development, Diversification under new and existing products.  [2]   Ansoff Matrix- Existing product New product Existing market Market penetration This strategy mainly applies for those businesses that focus on selling existing products in the existing markets. It is a low- risk strategy and helps to increase the market share of itsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ current products.  [3]   Product development This strategy involves businesses aiming to sell new products in existing markets. This strategy is also a reason for acquiring another company as the costs of starting another company can be saved and different types of customers can be catered. This strategy is also useful for businesses using brand expansion strategies.  [4]   New market Market Development This method serves for those businesses that apply the strategy of selling existing products into newer markets.  [5]  Such techniques are used by businesses that plan to expand their business and attain higher customer base. Diversification It refers to the high risk growth strategy that involves a business marketing new products in new markets. Parent companies can benefit from having a presence in a range of products and markets in different regions of the world.  [6]   Market Penetration- Tata could continue with the same strategy that it had adopted for the UK for the rest of world. The estate, coupe and open saloon models of Jaguar and the Freelander and Range Rover sport of Land Rover selling in the existing markets UK can help them to gain profits and increase in sales in other markets due to the reputation of the brands. For the new models that are planned to launch, promoting and advertising can be a good choice for the firms to maintain their position in the market and to attract more consumers and build customer loyalty. Tata Indica and other commercial vehicles like Tata Ace are examples of Tataà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s market penetration strategy that exist in the existing markets and are still earning them great profits. Market Development Tata Motors have applied this strategy to this launch plan as they are already beginning to sell the most famous and highly appreciated products of both the brands such as the XF, XK and XJ models of Jaguar and Defender, Discovery, Range Rover Sport and Range Rover models of Land Rover in the Indian market that is completely new for both the firms. Also, while the other long and short-term plans are being strategized, these products can help the firm to have a great introduction to the market and the reviews can help the business in planning for their future types of products. Establishing popularity and brand loyalty with successful products can be a good option for the firm to begin with in India. Product Development- Tata Motors are launching the smallest car the famed Tata Nano in the Indian markets which is a new product by the firm and launched in existing markets of India and other countries where Tata Motors operate. This car can be useful for the firm as they can easily generate profits through this product as well as their brand name. Also, the firm can compete with other businesses in the same market with the help of these products. Tata Starbus and Tata Xover are other new products that have been launched by Tata Motors in India and other existing markets of Tata Motors. Diversification- The new products planned by Tata Motors through the Jaguar and Land Rover brands can be categorized in diversification. The company plans of manufacturing hybrid, electric and bio-fuels based and environmental friendly cars with the help of latest technology through both of these brands which can be useful in boosting the brand image of the firm. Also, there may be an increase in the profits of the firm as the hybrid cars are said to be the future of automobiles in order to save the earth from pollution. These new products launched in the new markets of India and others can be termed as diversified strategy of the firm. Tata Nano can also be included in this strategy as it is also a new product and is planned to be launched into new markets of African and Asian countries. Asset led marketing: Asset led marketing is a strategy that is adopted by the business for the sales of their products or services. Here, the firm uses its intangible assets for introducing a new product in the market. Tata Motors is a well-established and well-known firm and a part of the parent company Tata and Sons. Thus, in order to launch its products or services in the market and start off with immediate sales and profits, Tatas can use this which may even be applicable for launching the two automobile brands. Tata Motors have been in the news for past several months due to the launch of the worldà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s cheapest car in India- Tata Nano manufactured by their own company. Simultaneously launching two brands can help Tatas in gaining a lot of customer attention and thus a larger customer base. The well established and elegant brands with the giant prestige of Tata Motors can help the firms in garnering huge amounts of profits and gaining control over their competitors. Evaluation : The biggest advantage of this acquisition is that the firm might see an increase in sales of the cars due to both firmsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ worldwide luxury brand reputation and also due to the services and quality provided by the cars. But at the same time, the number of competitors in the booming automobile market of India has increased and finding their way out to satisfy the customers with different marketing strategies can be very costly for the firm. Tata Motors can implement various strategies such as advertising and also, various schemes can be used which guarantee consumer satisfaction and can also prove to be a part of customer attraction. These strategies can prove to be useful in boosting the brand image and the sales of the company as well. Short- term problems faced by the firm may be the recovering of the costs that has been put into the acquisition and the launch of Jaguar and Land Rover cars. The high manufacturing costs of Tata Motors, Jaguar and Land Rover might prove to be another reason for the losses in the accounts of the Tata Motors. The long-term problems can be an increase in competition as the Indian automobile market is developing at a rapid rate. If the company suffers losses, then there might be the need for job redundancies, thus leading to worker de-motivation. Conclusion: To conclude, the acquisition of Jaguar and Land Rover brands may be risky due to the global slowdown but Tata Motors with its brand name and established presence in India can succeed in the long run. Tata Group, a huge multinational giant worldwide can capitalize through cross-subsidization. I think that by promoting the products and launching it along with Tata Nano will be useful as each can be a backup for the other in the future. The workforce can be motivated through good learning experience as they may have access to the technology used in manufacturing these premium cars but at the same time, if the products fail to create a mark on customers, the workers may feel insecure as job redundancies may be adopted by Tata Motors to struggle with their own financial portfolio. Bibliography- http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE55R0LK20090628?pageNumber=2virtualBrandChannel=0 http://www.autoblogs.in/2009/06/tata-jaguar-land-rover-launch-india.html http://free-sms-mms.blogspot.com/2009/06/tata-jaguar-land-rover-launched-in.html http://www.zeenews.com/news542730.html http://sify.com/finance/fullstory.php?id=14790692 http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/In-The-News/Rough-Roads-Ahead.html http://business.outlookindia.com/inner.aspx?articleid=1225subcatgid=611editionid=36catgid=44 http://www.tata.in/media/reports/inside.aspx?artid=r8CuZiHSZ2o= http://money.rediff.com/companies/tata-motors-ltd/10510008/profit-and-loss http://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/tatamotors/profit-loss/TM03 http://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/tatamotors/balance-sheet/TM03 http://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/tatamotors/ratios/TM03 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Motors

Automobile’s Contribution to Identity in America Essay -- Automobile C

The Automobile’s Contribution to Identity in America: Nostalgia, Nationalism and Status Introduction Over one billion cars have been manufactured world-wide in the past century, with nearly 700 million on the road today (Urry, 2006). As important as flight, computers, and mass communication, the automobile has been a key contributor to the growth and globalization of our world (Sheller, 2000). While the automobile is rarely the topic of sociological discussion and cultural study, this article will discuss the iconicism of the automobile and how it contributes to an individual’s identity. For some this is the Volkswagen Beetle – a car that embodies nostalgia and the by-gone era of the 60’s (Wilson, 2005). For others, the identity is the nationalism and pride invoked by owning a car that typifies a true red-blooded American (Edensor, 2004). And for others identity is defined by the status or image a car provides (Belk, 1988). These three aspects of identity will be used to discuss and answer my research question: â€Å"How does the automobile contribute to identity in America?† As the owner of a vintage 1974 Volkswagen Super Beetle, I have always been curious about the bond of nostalgia that is common amongst Volkswagen owners, prior owners and admirers. This infectious enthusiasm for the Volkswagen between owners combined with a general interest in the themes of how icons are born and the perceived societal status bestowed upon their owners have prompted me to write this article. 2 The Volkswagen Beetle is an iconic automobile that for many, imparts nostalgia (Wilson, 2005). The camaraderie and coming-of-age that is personified by the Volkswagen is a common, underlying characteristic amongst those who strongly identify with ... ...rica. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. * Levinson, H. (2004). Highways, People, and Places: Past, Present, and Future. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 130 (4), 406 – 412. Macworld. (2003). Volkswagen, Apple Team Up In 'Pods Unite' Promotion. http://www.macworld.com/news/2003/07/15/vw/, Accessed December 9, 2006. * Sheller, M. (2000). The City and the Car. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 24 (4), 737 – 757. * Sheller, M. (2004). Automotive Emotions: Feeling the Car. Theory, Culture & Society, 21 (4/5), 221–242. * Urry, J. (2006). Inhabiting the Car. The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review, 54 (1), 17 – 31. Vanden Bergh, B. (1992). Volkswagen as â€Å"Little Man.† Journal of American Culture, 15 (4), 95 – 119. * Wilson, J. (2005). Nostalgia: Sanctuary of Meaning. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press. * Denotes scholarly source. 10

How Aids Has Affected Our Society :: essays research papers fc

Today more Americans are infected with STD's than at any other time in history. The most serious of these diseases is AIDS. Since the first cases were identified in the United States in 1981, AIDS has touched the lives of millions of American families. This deadly disease is unlike any other in modern history. Changes in social behavior can be directly linked to AIDS. Its overall effect on society has been dramatic. It is unknown whether AIDS and HIV existed and killed in the U.S. and North America before the early 1970s. However in the early 1980s, "deaths by opportunistic infections, previously observed mainly in tissue-transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive therapy", were recognized in otherwise healthy homosexual men. In 1983 French oncologist Luc Montagnier and scientists at the Pasteur Institute in Paris isolated what appeared to be a new human retrovirus from the lymph node of a man at risk for having AIDS. At the same time, scientists working in the laboratory of American research, scientist Robert Gallo at the National Cancer Institute, one of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, and a group headed by American virologist Jay Levy at the University of California at San Francisco isolated a retrovirus from people with AIDS and from individuals having contact with people with AIDS. All three groups of scientists had isolated what is now known as HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Lorusso 2 In 1995 HIV was estimated to infect almost 20 million people worldwide, and several million of those people had developed AIDS. The disease is obviously an important social issue. AIDS has caused many to rethink their own social behavior. People are forced to use caution when involving themselves in sexual activity. They must use contraception to avoid the dangers of infection. Many people consider HIV infection and AIDS to be completely preventable because the routes of HIV transmission are so well known. To completely prevent transmission, however, dramatic changes in sexual behavior and drug dependence would have to occur throughout the world. Prevention efforts that promote sexual awareness through open discussion and condom distribution in public schools have been opposed due to fear that these efforts encourage sexual promiscuity among young adults. Similarly, needle-exchange programs have been criticized as promoting drug abuse. Governor Christine Todd Whitman vetoed a bill in New Jersey that tried to create a needle-exchange program. She was accused of being "compassionless". She replied that she could not allow drug addicts to continue to break the law. By distributing needles, she felt that she was, in fact, encouraging them to break the law. Prevention programs that identify HIV-infected individuals and notify

Lives of the Saints Essay -- Lives Saints Essays

Lives of the Saints   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lives of the Saints is a story that examines the complexities and tribulations of everyday life in a small town. Throughout the novel, we discover that even the most trustworthy and caring individuals live secret lives behind closed doors, and that the surface appearance of minor communities can be very deceptive. Some people spend their entire adult-lives trying to knock down these doors and discover the truth, but perhaps they are overlooking the key to the lock†¦ our children. Vittorio Innocente is a young boy who has not always lived up to his name. ‘My attendance at school had not been very regular-it had somehow fallen out that I’d spent much of class time wandering up to the top of Colle di Papa or down to the river with my friend Fabrizio, sharing with him the cigarettes he filched from his father. La Maestra had paid a visit to my mother one afternoon, to advise her of my truancy and vices†¦.’ (9). We find that Vitto is trying to turn around his poor school habits, and has been trying to read through a novel called Principi Matematici, but to no avail. As he sat stranded on page three of his mathematical conquest, he was overcome by a wealth of distractions. The golden sun was shining down on him that day, or so it seemed, for as he was drifting off to sleep the muffled shout of a man shattered what would appear to be his last enjoyable day; at least for a long time. Childhood can be a fragile thing. It is commonly believed that children see the world through different eyes. Everything seems fresh and interesting to them, where we become saturated with the details of our everyday lives. The eyes of Vittorio Innocente act as a safeguard, seemingly protecting him from truth and danger that he cannot see. Since the incident with the snake, Vittorio had noticed that his mother had been keeping to herself, working in the garden. However, he could not understand what was wrong with her, and could not figure out why the household seemed so empty. ‘†¦A veil seemed to have fallen between us, and for a while I had nursed this estrangement like a precious wound I could somehow turn to advantage; but the passing days brought only a growing awkwardness, as if my mother and I had suddenly become strangers, with no words now to bridge the silence between us’ (74). Vittorio’s ‘safety-goggles’ also help him when the gang of b oys inv... ...ctor to tell him of his mother’s pains, he is uninterested. â€Å"My mother wants you to come†, says the young boy. â€Å"Leave me alone†, replies the doctor in a drunken stupor. â€Å"You’re that woman’s son, aren’t you, the pregnant one who thinks she’s a princess† (221). When the doctor is finally convinced to check up on Cristina, he only makes matters worse. Upon his arrival in Vitto’s room, Cristina notices his condition and says: â€Å"You smell-like a liquor factory† (225). He takes no notice of these remarks, showing no concern for the life of the baby or Cristi. Although he manages to deliver the baby, we find that Vittorio’s mother has died during the night due to excessive bleeding. Dr. Cosabene’s ignorance has brought death and pain to a family that has been reduced to two, a young boy and his little sister.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vitto will no longer have a normal life. He has no mother or father. He has no money, and he has nowhere to live. Consequently, he has a newborn child to look after. Where has his childhood gone? It looks as though the doctor has taken it from him, and he will never get it back. One thing remains certain†¦ Vittorio Innocente will never look through the eyes of a child again. Lives of the Saints Essay -- Lives Saints Essays Lives of the Saints   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lives of the Saints is a story that examines the complexities and tribulations of everyday life in a small town. Throughout the novel, we discover that even the most trustworthy and caring individuals live secret lives behind closed doors, and that the surface appearance of minor communities can be very deceptive. Some people spend their entire adult-lives trying to knock down these doors and discover the truth, but perhaps they are overlooking the key to the lock†¦ our children. Vittorio Innocente is a young boy who has not always lived up to his name. ‘My attendance at school had not been very regular-it had somehow fallen out that I’d spent much of class time wandering up to the top of Colle di Papa or down to the river with my friend Fabrizio, sharing with him the cigarettes he filched from his father. La Maestra had paid a visit to my mother one afternoon, to advise her of my truancy and vices†¦.’ (9). We find that Vitto is trying to turn around his poor school habits, and has been trying to read through a novel called Principi Matematici, but to no avail. As he sat stranded on page three of his mathematical conquest, he was overcome by a wealth of distractions. The golden sun was shining down on him that day, or so it seemed, for as he was drifting off to sleep the muffled shout of a man shattered what would appear to be his last enjoyable day; at least for a long time. Childhood can be a fragile thing. It is commonly believed that children see the world through different eyes. Everything seems fresh and interesting to them, where we become saturated with the details of our everyday lives. The eyes of Vittorio Innocente act as a safeguard, seemingly protecting him from truth and danger that he cannot see. Since the incident with the snake, Vittorio had noticed that his mother had been keeping to herself, working in the garden. However, he could not understand what was wrong with her, and could not figure out why the household seemed so empty. ‘†¦A veil seemed to have fallen between us, and for a while I had nursed this estrangement like a precious wound I could somehow turn to advantage; but the passing days brought only a growing awkwardness, as if my mother and I had suddenly become strangers, with no words now to bridge the silence between us’ (74). Vittorio’s ‘safety-goggles’ also help him when the gang of b oys inv... ...ctor to tell him of his mother’s pains, he is uninterested. â€Å"My mother wants you to come†, says the young boy. â€Å"Leave me alone†, replies the doctor in a drunken stupor. â€Å"You’re that woman’s son, aren’t you, the pregnant one who thinks she’s a princess† (221). When the doctor is finally convinced to check up on Cristina, he only makes matters worse. Upon his arrival in Vitto’s room, Cristina notices his condition and says: â€Å"You smell-like a liquor factory† (225). He takes no notice of these remarks, showing no concern for the life of the baby or Cristi. Although he manages to deliver the baby, we find that Vittorio’s mother has died during the night due to excessive bleeding. Dr. Cosabene’s ignorance has brought death and pain to a family that has been reduced to two, a young boy and his little sister.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vitto will no longer have a normal life. He has no mother or father. He has no money, and he has nowhere to live. Consequently, he has a newborn child to look after. Where has his childhood gone? It looks as though the doctor has taken it from him, and he will never get it back. One thing remains certain†¦ Vittorio Innocente will never look through the eyes of a child again.

Police Work and Stress Essay

Stress is part of every people’s life. No matter what profession one is practicing and whatever lifestyle an individual is accustomed to, stress is always involved. In particular, police officers embrace stress as part of their profession. The moment they decided to become a police officer, bearing with stress has become inevitable. For one, their main goal, to save people who are in danger and to protect them from harm, is stressful. In effect, they become exposed to danger themselves and face this reality as part of a police officer’s job. They are also not allowed to any kind of violation because they are the ones who impose it. When it comes to police work, stress is expected more than the regular or average jobs. It is given than this profession always put police officer’s life at risk. Stress comes from different sources and comes in various forms. There are direct and indirect factors that imply the involvement of stress in the police profession. It affects not only the life of the police officer but also the life of the people inside and outside the organization—their family, the organization, and their own life and personal identity. Occupational stress is derived from what rank a police officer holds in the organization. Police officers deal with every kind of violence and alarming assignments each day of their lives. However, since they pledged an oath to fulfill their duty to the best of their abilities, they are not thinking much about stress and focus on their service instead. There are times when police officers encounter personal troubles which have a negative implication on them. This time, it cannot be accepted as a normal part of their duty because it is already outside the profession. Dealing with family matter makes police officers lose their focus and fails to do their job properly. On the other hand, their family also experience stress because of the kind of job. Being in the said profession also requires police officers to be available at all times. The working schedule also causes them stress because of rotating shifts and unexpected call of duty. Aside from the aforementioned causes, this paper aims to delve into police-related stress, what causes it, what are the effects, and how it affects their obligations in the field of law enforcement. Defining Stress and Stressors Stress is a disorder that affects an individual’s motivation (Crane, 1996). It bring about pressure not only physically but also mentally. There are two types of stress according to Crane (1996) in his book entitled Psychology of Stress. The first stress type is known as distress. This type of stress is relentless which makes one not capable of adaptation (Crane, 1996). Distress can cause mental disorders, depression, and anxiety if not given proper resolution (Crane, 1996). Another type of stress is the eustress. This stress is accumulated through experiences that cause positive reaction. Unlike distress, this type of stress can improve the function of physical and psychological aspects of an individual through training and work (Crane, 1996). Stress occurs when one experiences pressure and demands which are not compatible to his/her ability to either physically or mentally deal with the situation (Leiter & Masslach, 1988). Conflicts, painful events, limitations, struggles, and lack of control are the common causes of stress (Leiter & Masslach, 1988). It affects the overall functioning of the individual, rendering him or her incapable of thinking and acting normally. It can also cause certain disorders including hypertension, ulcer, insomnia, anxiety attack, and many more. Stress deteriorates the individuals’ over-all health depending on how the person copes with it (Violanti, 1996). Hence, stress generally affects lives as it modifies the ability, mental functioning and behavior of individuals in fulfilling their roles, regardless of the kind of profession that they have (Violanti, 1996). Stressors pertain to the primary causes of stress. They could be an immediate superior, a family member, an event, or a profession (Shirom, 1989). Coping up with stress comes in two ways: reduction or avoidance. A person may either face the situation to put an end to the stress (reduction) or make some sort of escape to experience immediate relief (avoidance) (Shirom, 1989). Everyday, many stressors are faced by individuals that make or break them as a person. Absence of stress is impossible because everyday, new challenges and changes are experienced by everyone. The best way to deal with stress is by coping with it. Thus, it is always better to confront the situation rather than avoiding it (Shirom, 1989). Work Stress As individuals become adults and start working, they have to deal with professional accountability. Work is necessary to support every need and want in life. Most of the time spent by professionals is in their workplaces where they encounter work stress in different forms each day. Usually, stressful situations spring from pressures and demands in their job which are beyond their knowledge and capacity, or from fears and anxieties in accomplishing their tasks. Some of the professions which greatly involve stress due to the nature of job include a fireman, a doctor, and a police officer, among others (Lee & Ashforth, 1996). Stress can be positive and negative for the worker depending on the response of the individual him- or herself and the circumstances. A positive kind of stress usually makes the worker more motivated and focused in accomplishing their duties and responsibilities. On the other hand, negative stress may occur when there are unexpected events that can make them lose composure which, in effect, become detrimental to their performance (Lee & Ashforth, 1996). Police Stress Basically, police stress is the kind of stress experienced in the law enforcement community. This is brought about by direct and indirect factors that are incorporated the nature of the job and the organizational structure of the law enforcement community. As police officers are mainly responsible for protecting and serving the society and its people, they are required to be physically, emotionally, and psychologically prepared at all times because they are expected to be always available. In addition, they are expected to keep an active presence of mind and make sensible decisions especially during crucial situations such as criminal encounters and hostage takings. Because of these expectations, police officers experience stress twice of the stress endured by other professionals. The work environment of the law enforcement officers has a great impact on the employees and the employee’s level of work, including their work productivity and their general physical and emotional health (Kurke, 1995). There is a notion that a cyclic relationship persists between work and home life of police officers from which police stress develops (Kurke, 1995). Stressors in the police work not only affect the police officer but their family as well. It is likely that police stress negatively affects their relationship with others and their personal lives. For instance, most police officers experience marital problems because of the effects of the stressful events of their day which they unintentionally bring home with them. This gives rise to their involvement in various problematic domestic issues such as violence, alcoholism, substance abuse, and child neglect (Brief et. al, 1981). When police stress is rampant in the law enforcement community, it affects the performance of the police officers and at the same time, it puts everyone in the society at risk. Police stress is a social issue that should not be taken for granted because it affects these individuals who chose to pursue this highly important profession that constitutes the maintenance of peace of order of the society. Causes of Police Stress Many sources of police stress can be found inside the police organization. The job itself and the people within the law enforcement community cause police stress. The characteristic of the profession is considerably difficult to look at. Being a police officer requires dedication and commitment to put their lives at risk while they are on duty. They are also expected to comply with the given work schedule and special assignments. There are encounters which will cause trauma to police officers. Yet, they only receive poor compensation (Leiter & Maslach, 1988). There are also times when lack communication among administrators, poor supervision and inadequate training cause police officers to feel stressed. Another source of police stress comes from the officers themselves because they often doubt their capacity to perform a given task. There are also issues regarding favoritism and politics within the law enforcement community that discourages a police officer to carry out a given assignment (Leiter & Maslach, 1988). The following sections present the most common organizational stressors in the work of a police officer, along with other direct and indirect factors that cause police stress. Direct Factors Job Characteristics The profession itself causes stress to police officers. Fear and danger make police officers suffer from stress. They always need to set aside their doubts, gather their courage in every dangerous situation that they get into. Physical danger is always at hand because they should be ready to battle against unexpected criminals (Kurke, 1995). Adequacy and Control Perception of adequacy and control also causes police stress. The ability of a police officer to work on a job is based on his/her perception the skills that he/she possesses, and whether his/her skills are adequate to complete all the assigned task given to him/her, and. Hence, to meet the demands of the job, law enforcement officers should be well-driven. They should also have the necessary composure and confidence. When police officers doubt their capacity to serve, it definitely instigates stress (Axelbend & Vaile, 1979) Control is defined as the ability of police officers to govern on special assignments. This is because as police officers, they are expected to control every situation that they get into. When a police officer lacks the necessary control to carry out an assigned task because he/she is hindered or manipulated by others, it brings out stress and at the same time leaves the case unsolved (Tenerowicz, 1993) Role Ambiguity Role ambiguity also results in stress among police officers. This usually happens when they lack the necessary knowledge in fulfilling their roles and at the same time control the conditions of the work outcomes (Lee & Ashforth, 1996). When this occurs, police officers feel stressed as they are not yet prepared for the job. Role ambiguity is caused by a weak organizational structure and it hinders the police officer from performing his/her task. Most cases of role ambiguity is experienced by those who are in the administrative position because their functions are not clear to them. At the same time, they are not aware of up to what extent is their jurisdiction on their job (Shore, & Shore, 1995). This becomes a source of stress because it makes police officers doubtful of their capacity to serve. They tend to question themselves if they are able to perform well because they themselves are not aware of the position given to them. They are afraid of not being respected by their subordinates which gives them a feeling of insecurity. Work Schedule Police officers are expected to work based on a shifting schedule, rotating shifts, irregular days off, holiday work, unexpected overtime and involuntary overtime (Kurke, 1995). This kind of schedule apparently affects their work performance because they are not getting enough sleep and energy. It also causes their moods to change and develop negative feelings. In the end, police officers experience stress and end up with poor performance (Kurke, 1995). Special Assignments There are special tasks given to police officers which in turn are greatly prized (Kurke, 1995). However, certain assignments require more focus and demand greater pressure from the police officer. There are special assignments which are needed to be completed at a given time frame. As a result, police officers become stressed because they are expected to finish the said task as soon as possible. It also involves longer hours of training and longer working hours that separate them from their families. Because of depression and frustration when an assigned task is not completed accordingly, stress is developed (Kurke, 1995, p. 191). Role Conflict According to Kurk (1995), â€Å"many officers report difficulties related to the many demands inherent in law enforcement† (p. 191). Role conflict usually happens when police officers need to execute two roles with different conflicting demands or values. One example of this is when a police officer catches delinquent teens in the community only to discover that one of those caught is his/her son. This puts the police officer in a conflicting situation because he/she is faced with the demand of arresting the suspect but at the same time he/she needs to protect his/her son (Lee & Ashforth, 1996). Family of Police Officers Another cause of stress for police officers comes from their families. They always harbor feelings of fear and danger when they are out of their homes for duty. It develops stress to police officers because they are thinking of their families while they are on duty. This will make them lose focus and may end up not completing the assigned task. There are also instances when family occasions are set aside because of special assignments. This makes police officers more stressed because they develop sadness of not being able to participate in an important family occasion. When a family member gets sick, it is also hard for the police officers to concentrate on their jobs because they are preoccupied with family problems.

E-learning in health profession

Chapter ONE Introduction health masters be bringing in a engineering goaded inventplace, at that place ar senior tall school verbotenlooks that draws puzzle accomplishments in tuition and communicating engineerings ( ICT ) ( Connecting for health, 2008 ) . E- narration has a pregnant function to play in the futurity way of nurse CPD in spite of appearance the judgeship, with restr aints on prolong for module victimisation activities ( Rivers, 2007 ) , in concert with the increased publicity of ego enjoin larning in spite of appearance CPD activities and an addition in digitised preferences organism make accessible on-line via for liquidate and intranet, probe into this countrified of captain breeding indoors the administration is bomberjective. Given the demands for an IT literate person accomplishment force at bottom the NHS the generator considers e-attainment to be a valuable spiritualist for CPD activities and recognized a demand for furthe r geographicalal expedition in this country of go oning convention phylogenesis.The cargon for and tocology Council ( NMC ) require nurses to continually update themselves finished CPD, normally referred to as PREP ( federal agency Registration direction and exercise ) ( NMC, 2008b ) . This poses a peculiar argufy in straight off s give wayplace where in that respect ar fewer financess available to describe into the demands of the respective(a) scope of rung victimisation required, bud falls be often castigate aside to issue little former(a) than the mandatory conceptualization and as a consequence nurses frequently perceive the demand to self farm animal non compulsory CPD activities ( Rivers, 2007 ) . Additionally nurses in any case establishment the challenge of make iting trot to update, existence released from pattern is frequently a challenge these challenges were accepted by Bahn ( 2007 ) in her check into nurse orientation towards prosecuti ng in white-tie and affirmal science indoors go oning instruction and womb-to-tomb acquisition. Sing approach to e- skill in the fitplace, Wright & A Bingham pre displace several(prenominal) barriers play force reserve to the consumption of ICT for larning, combined with deficiency of basic ICT accomplishments, the restrictions of topical anesthetic IT infrastructures, and deficiency of staff clip to set about acquisition ( 2008,4-5 ) . They go on to province that the deficiency of accomplishments and expertness to develop and pre direct e-Learning and mingle acquisition ( larning comprised of a combination of traditional and e-Learning flacks ( JISC no twenty-four hourstime of the month ) ) is a farther significant barrier inwardly about any administration they positi unitaryd.The publication of the depicted object framework For Lifelong Learning ( DH 2001 ) and later on the t somebodylying of the scheme Supporting Best answer in e-Learning crossways t he NHS ( National men Group, 2005 ) work in concert to determine the knowledge of C & A IT expertness deep big bucks the NHS work force the National platform for tuition Technology ( NPfIT ) delivered by topical anaesthetic implementation by Strategic health Authorities ( SHA ) ( Connecting for wellness, 2008 ) and consequences of the E-Learning Scoping Exercise for NHS sulphur important bureau ( Wright & A Bingham, 2008 ) be pass judgment to further concealment up the pitch of NHS Improvement Plan and the Standards for wellness by means of and through with(predicate) with(predicate) more than effectual preparation and growing advancement at a local degree. there has been significant investing in increasing the proviso and handiness of IT resources to jeopardize up work melodic themed larning & A CPD. M whatsoever cooperative undertakings saw the cognitive process of resources developed by the former NHS University ( NHSU ) , abolished in 2005, whose p urposes were to make and better witnesss for larning make high quality larning environments, and lead interrogation into future tense larning demands. This developed into NHS work for Learning, Skills and Innovation ( DH 2005 ) , and subsequently NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement. The Core Learning units ( CLU ) developed under the NHSU were designatered to the Skills for Health administration and hosted within the NHS Core Learning social unit web rank ( CLU, 2008 ) .Concurrently at that place has been apparent growing and teaching within the National Library for Health ( NLH ) which in April 2009 was bump offred NHS Evidence and rebranded The NHS Evidence Health entropy Resources ( NICE, 2008 ) with an increased proviso of e-books, and on-line diaries, unneurotic with increasing handiness of staff development resources within organizational Intranet or fleshyheaded acquisition environments including digitised tuition contracts, pictures, CD-ROM and sound disgraceing files often delivered online via Internet synchronised with student Management Systems ( LMS ) for monitoring and entering staff development activities. seek into e-Learning has increased in recent aged(prenominal) ages with a bend figure of studies concent evaluate on developments within higher(prenominal) pedagogy Institutions ( HEIs ) viz. Higher Education Funding Council for England ( HEFCE ) ( 2005 ) , JISC ( 2007 ) , Sharpe et Al ( 2006 ) , Waite & A Bingham ( 2008 ) and developments concentrating on implementing e-Learning within the NHS examined by Farrell ( 2006 ) , Gill ( 2007 ) , National work force Group ( NWG ) ( 2005 ) and Wright & A Bingham ( 2008 ) the findings and recommendations from these publications turn up be considered within the design and execution of the enquiry undertaking.Given the demands within the NHS for an IT literate work force, from the grounds pre displaceed, e-Learning proposes to be a potential droply valuable medi um to put up CPD activities. Locally it is recognised that farther geographic expedition of the factors that influence the determinations of larning deadening nurses integrating of e-Learning into their CPD is needed.PremisesThis passel assumes that e-Learning ( definition, let out appendage 1 ) poses a important profit in supplying nurses with the chance to moderate into move Professional victimization ( CPD ) ( definition, see appendix 1 ) demands in a more flexible manner than through the more traditional con textual matters i.e. campus based face-to-face delivery, entirely. Flexible acquisition and bringing were recognised by Sandars who stated that e-Learning has tremendous potency, he predicted that progresss in engineering would let quick launching to high-quality resources, both on- and offline, from work and place, and at a clip and gait to maintain the person ( 20033 ) . Ease of entree is still a underlying contribution for the success of e-Learning for professional development. The Martini gimmick pronounce is still apparent to mean solar mean solar day with all(prenominal) clip, anyplace, and any gait acquisition ( JISC ( give voice Information Systems Committee ) 2008 ) . With this flexibleness at that place is besides the executable to convey unneurotic the traditional contexts with e-Learning to supply a richer skill experience normally this is referred to as blend Learning ( Sharpe et al, 2006 ) . Flexibility is one of the cardinal advantages of e-Learning recognised by the National custody Group ( NWG ) and department of Health ( DH ) ( 2006 ) who recognised the value of investing in custody instruction delivered through e-Learning to back up the modernization of the NHS and the on-going development of its work force. query interrogationWhat factors influence the person-to-person determinations of larning deterrent nurses to incorporate e-Learning into their go along Professional Development ( CPD ) act ivities?The squander after aimed to place and research factors which foster and support the inclusion body of e-Learning within CPD activities and factors which reprove and keep down the inclusion of e-Learning within CPD activities.Recommendations and findings of the comply seek to inform the development and bringing of CPD activities within the Ridgeway confederation ( Oxfordshire Learning damage NHS authority ) . social organisation of the play alongChapter one, pre displaces the check central point, placing influences from national authorities the professional organic structure for moderates and Midwives rehearsing in the fall in Kingdom ( UK ) the treat and Midwifery Council ( NMC ) and influences from the surgical incision of Health ( DH ) the National Health helping ( NHS ) and societal policy issues.Background development is so pre displaceed followed by a tenet for set abouting the study. The research inquiry is pre moveed to runher with the purposes and aims for the go over, basically these guide the whole undertaking.In chapter two, contains the literature recap. Existing literature refering to the subjects of E-Learning, continuing Professional Development ( CPD ) and Learning harm guards.Chapter Three, pre moves the methodological summary and methods of the sketch, researching the philosophical constructs that inform the overall attack of the thesis m aiming the hypothetical model, design of the discern and associate ethical issues.Ethical motives Committee pardon was sought for the espouse, the moralss proposal mathematical process provide be presented and explored. Finally the methods of the travel along depart be presented and discussed.The consequences of the prospect are presented in Chapter Four, accompanied by infos summary.Chapter five nowadayss a treatment of the salient points which emerged from the analysis of the consequences.Chapter 6 offers the finishs drawn from the treatments with cardi nal findings of the undertaking. Recommendations for alterations in pattern associating to e-Learning and CPD activities are put frontward. A expression on the experience of carry oning this survey using the brooding model of ( tele address extension ) brings the thesis to an terminal.Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEWWhile transporting out the literature reappraisal it became evident that thither is a deficiency of published work associating to the experiences of larning check nurses engaging in Continuing Professional Development ( CPD ) activities likewise there is a deficiency of published work concentrating on larning disablement nurses prosecuting in e-Learning.Structure how I under took the lit reappraisalChapter Three METHODOLOGY AND METHODSThe research inquiry requires the premises about nurses engagement in eLearning within CPD activities be explored. A survey to supply such replies would necessitate an geographic expedition of the ideas and experiences of nurses be aft ering and prosecuting with CPD activities indeed a qualitative attack depart be adopted for this survey. Qualitative research permits an geographic expedition of the lived experience and is viewed through the eye of the case-by-case under survey ( Bryman, 2004 ) . The survey forget use an inductive, descriptive methodological analysis comprising of facets from both phenomenological and ethnographic attacks. Harmonizing to Creswell ( 2007 ) these are close to appropriate attacks to see when analyzing experiences as lived by the survey thespians. To accomplish this it is necessary that that the experiences of nurses prosecuting in CPD activities are collected, described and so analysed out front decisivenesss are drawn. whence a assorted attack has been selected as it appears to be the most appropriate in replying the survey inquiry.Theoretical positionA qualitative design has been selected for the survey as it is exceedingly suited to researching the lived experiences of the actors to find which factors influence them when be aftering their CPD activities. The survey asked instrumentalists to set their ideas and experiences to detect any affirmable barriers or restraints they do encountered when be aftering within CPD activities through sensation hearing it get out place which factors discourage and suppress the inclusion of eLearning within CPD activities and which encourage and back up the inclusion of eLearning within CPD activities. thematic analysis bequeath set up subjects from which actions cane be identified for function development.Paradigm The paradigm of the survey consists of the following the ontological position is relativist, the writer believes that there is no individual reply to the challenge, the result is dependent on context and is distinguishable among persons. The epistemic position is subjectivist, it would be hard to be nonsubjective in such a research undertaking as the writer has an established and seeable be aring in larning & A learning in peculiar in e-learning in their employing administration, it is indispensable that this is government issuen into consideration as it whitethorn act upon upon the research undertaking and the methodological position is hermeneutic.MethodologyThe survey is converse based and go forth use an inductive, descriptive methodological analysis seeking the experiences of larning disablement nurses prosecuting in CPD activities.The survey focuses on the experiences of registered larning disablement nurses, employed in a grumpy NHS perpetrate in England, UK. The inclusion beat is deliberately wide to warrantee nurses from any country of the faith could educate part. It is besides of import to roll up the positions of nurses who have non yet engaged in CPD activities utilizing e-Learning every s good as those who have. Therefore for matter-of-fact grounds purposive try out was employed.Purposive sampling ( Polit & A Hungler, 1999 284 ) was use to try to happen a more closely defined conference for whom the research inquiry ordain be important. Polkinghorne ( 1989 ) and Ryan & A Bernard ( 2003 ) advocator that trying continues until theoretical chroma has been reached. This is advocated by Guest et Al ( 2006 ) who identifies in health scientific discipline research, that fertilisation has become the gold criterion by which purposive exemplification size of its are determined. It was hence of import to guarantee that a fit Numberss of participants are recruited to supply the volume of day of the month required to make theoretical impregnation and remain manageable within the clip graduated table of the survey. A smack size of six has been elect for this survey, this figure is suggested by Polkinghorne ( 1989 ) as a suited figure for nurtures hookup via audiences. calculate 1 Outline of the methodological analysis.Draft survey/ interview agendum ( unfastened and shut inquiries ) In courtly testing edict circu it card of exchange survey/ interview agenda Pre-test revised bill of exchange utilizing interviews Revise study once more exact out antique studys aggregation interviews put down interviews Send to participants for respondent create encipher informations and fix informations files Analyse informations and write study.( establish on Robson 2002229 ) .A intrust decision nobleman give direct a missive ask foring engagement in the survey to each first degree, registered Learning impairment Nurse employed within the Ridgeway compact ( Oxfordshire Learning Disability NHS Trust ) .The invitation pull up stakes include an lineation of the survey placing purposes and aims and time-scale and demands on participants. The participant information saddlery and resultant role simulated pas pull up stakes be sent as enclosures to the invitation missive, they allowing be asked to return their round outd purpose pretended pas. Correspondence allow for be sent via the Trust co ngenital postal system, respondents leave alone be provided with a return egotism intercommunicate envelope for their habit.If the full archetype has non been recruited within four hebdomads so a second invitation to take part entrust be extended via the Trust Nurses news planer . This is a bi-monthly electronic newssheet produced within the Trust and sent by a Trust decision maker via electronic mail to all registered nurses. authorization participants allow for be invited to reach Jill Pawlyn for more information on the undertaking and to foretell the participant information sheet.Inquirers exit be sent a copy of the participant information sheet and answer unreal pas, they forget be asked to return their completed answer faux pas. Correspondence forget be sent via the internal postal system, respondents allow be provided with a return ego addressed envelope for their usage.Follow up letters allow for be sent two hebdomads after reacting to the sign question. If no response legitimate so the participant pull up stakes non be contacted once more. instrumentalists who complete and return the answer faux pas bequeath be invited to go to an hotshot interview.Although the focal point of the survey is on e-Learning activities, the initial invitation to take part is non being made electronically as this would instantly cut the sample to participants who have a work electronic mail reference and are users of engineering at work.Interviews will be structured utilizing the interview agenda participants will be asked a series of inquiries to get in concert an history of their experience.To guarantee an accurate record of the interview is captured interviews will be audio recording recorded.Interviews will be conducted at a clip and workplace location which is most convenient to the participants, ideally an interview get on on one of the three chief Trust sites ( Oxford, Marlborough & A Aylesbury ) which is near to the participants work bas e, is physically accessible and affords a adequate degree of privateness to guarantee the participant can talk freely during the interview. Jill Pawlyn will guarantee suited suites are schedule for each interview.Interview notes will be transcribed into direct accounts , a facsimile of the transcript will be sent to interview participants for respondent proof . data analysis will be conducted utilizing decimal and qualitative attacks consisting of both thematic and descriptive analysis.selective information analysis will get down on reception of the returned transcripts. selective information analysis will be assisted utilizing NVivo, this package can manage salient sums of informations rapidly, and it helps the development of consistent coding strategies and provides individual location storage for all informations and forget for the undertaking. data will be analysed utilizing thematic analysis, informations within the interview transcripts will be stipulation codificatio ns, extra remarks and expressions will be noted utilizing memos similar recurring phrases, subjects, experiences etc will be sought.From the forms generated from the informations a set of generalisations will so be developed these generalizations will be discussed and reported on in the net study ( Adapted from Miles & A Huberman, 1994 9 ) .Chief inclusion and exception standards.Inclusion standard First degree, registered learning disablement nurses employed in Ridgeway Partnership ( Oxfordshire Learning Disability NHS Trust ) , and of this group the first six who express involvement. riddance standard employees of Ridgeway Partnership ( Oxfordshire Learning Disability NHS Trust ) , who are non first degree, registered learning disablement nurses the research workers line managing director and those nurses to whom the research worker provides clinical supervising.No exclusions will be made on the footing of age, disablement, gender, race, cultural beginning or nationality, faith or belief, or internal orientation.sample size for the research? How umteen participants/samples/data records do you be after to analyze in entire? judge size six nurses drawn from a population of 150 nurses within one NHS Trust.Participants are all rehearsing nurses in the UK. write communications within the trust are in English.How was the sample size indomitable upon? If a formal sample size computation was use, bespeak how this was done, giving fit information to warrant and reproduce the computation.The survey focuses on the experiences of registered nurses, employed in a particular NHS Trust in England, UK.The inclusion standard is deliberately wide to guarantee nurses from any country of the Trust could take part for matter-of-fact grounds purposive sampling is being employed.What are the possible imagines and loads for research participants and how will you play down them?There are no hazards or other obvious disadvantages from taking portion.There is a demand for participants to perpetrate clip to take part in the informations aggregation and look intoing the interview transcripts, across the duration of the survey this should non transcend 1 1/2 hours in entire.To understate the hazard of incommodiousness take parting in the survey, interviews will be held in Trust locations as near to the participants work base as possible and at a clip which is reciprocally convenient to the participant and research worker.No hazard to self esteem originating from the interview, inquiries are non invasive.potency for reach to research participants?There are no direct benefits to taking portion, although engagement will supply participants with an chance for individual(prenominal) contemplation through which they may derive penetrations into their ain acquisition penchants and place countries for future CPD actions.By take parting in this survey persons will assist us to pick up how better to plan and back up CPD activities delivered via e-Learni ng within the Trust.How and by whom will potential participants, records or samples be identified?A Trust decision maker will direct a missive ask foring engagement in the survey to each first degree, registered Learning Disability Nurse employed within the Ridgeway compact ( Oxfordshire Learning Disability NHS Trust ) .Confidentiality of the information provided by participants can except be defend within the restrictions of the jurisprudence. Participant individualities will be protected through de-identification , participants will be given an single alone(p) placing codification which will be sleep with simply to Jill Pawlyn. Personal information and the identifying codifications will be held individually and be stored in a secure location.Identities of participants will be held in assurance from other members of staff in the Trust. To make this, informations will be de-identified out front it is analysed and in the concluding study participants will be referred to by a anonym.No personally placing information will be presented in the concluding study.The information will be kept firmly in the Trust, for two old ages from the day of the month of completion, before being destroyed.How and by whom will potential participants foremost be approached? sign attack will be via a missive ask foring engagement in the survey. This will be sent by a Trust decision maker to each nurse employed within the Trust. The invitation will include an lineation of the survey placing purposes and aims and time-scale and demands on participants. The participant information sheet and answer faux pas will be sent as enclosures to the invitation missive, they will be asked to return their completed answer faux pas.The follow-up invitation will be achieved via the Nurses newsletter . The decision maker to the Director for Performance, Information and Nursing compiles and distributes the Nurses hotsletter, every two months. distribution is via the trust electronic mail and internal station systems. Potential participants will be invited to reach Jill Pawlyn to bespeak farther information about the survey or to bespeak a transcript of the participant information sheet.Invitation letters will be sent to Nurses by a Trust decision maker who has entree to the database of registered nurses. On question, possible participants will be asked to supply personal information for future correspondence within the answer faux pas giving name, work reference, email reference and work phone figure.A follow up invitation to take part in the survey will be included in the Trust Nurses Newsletter , the invitation will include an lineation of the survey placing purposes and aims and time-scale and demands on participants.ConsentPotential participants will be sent a transcript of the participant information sheet and answer faux pas, they will be asked to return their completed answer faux pas.Correspondence will be sent via the internal postal system, respondents will be provided with a return ego addressed envelope for their usage.Follow up invitations will be sent two hebdomads after reacting to the initial question.If no response authorized so the participant will non be contacted once more. Participants who complete and return the answer faux pas will be invited to go to an single interview.At the start of the interview Jill Pawlyn will corroborate inside informations of the Participant Information Sheet with the participant, supplying an chance to inquire any farther inquiries they may hold. The apply variety will be issued and the participant will be asked to involve the signifier to mean consent to take part.The participant will be given a transcript of their signed consent signifier for their records. The interview will get down.Should any participant diminution to consent, they will thanked for their attending.Participants will enter consent on a consent signifier. Consent received will be recorded in the survey records.guarantee th e confidentiality of personal informations?Participants will be given an single unique placing codification which will be know merely to Jill Pawlyn. Participant name and work contact inside informations will be kept in an encrypted password-protected computing forge file held individually from any informations supplied during interview and audio recording accessible merely by Jill Pawlyn.Identities of participants will be held in assurance from other members of staff in the Trust. Data will be de-identified before it is analysed and in the concluding study, participants will be referred to by a anonym. No constitute to personally placing information will be presented in the concluding study.Relationships between research worker and participantsThere are personal relationships in the administration patronising the surveyThe main research worker ( Marion Waite ) is an employee of Oxford Brookes University, the patronizing HEI. Other research worker ( Jill Pawlyn ) who at the clip of get downing the syudy was an employee of the Ridgeway Partnership ( Oxfordshire Learning Disability NHS Trust ) , the site of probe and a parttime pupil at Oxford Brookes University, the research worker is besides sub contracted as a portion clip employee of Oxford Brookes University.inform participants of the consequences?Findingss will be disseminated separately to participants and more widely through the Nurses Forum to Trust stakeholders in the signifier of an unwritten presentation and paper demo and study to the Trust R & A D commission Presentation at relevant conference Publication of findings in relevant diary or text book The undertaking study will be located in the Trust Library and Intranet as a pay heed resource A transcript of the concluding thesis is retained in the University subroutine library for mention.SampleEntree to data/sampleData aggregationDatas analysisData will be analysed utilizing a thematic attack, theme designation will be achieved using the t echniques of Ryan & A Bernard ( 2003 ) .Chapter FOUR subject and ANALYSISmethods of analysis ( statistical or other appropriate methods, e.g. for qualitative research ) by which the information will be evaluated to run into the survey aims.Data analysis will be conducted utilizing thematic analysis, coding single responses for emergent subjects and issues. To help the procedure informations analysis package will be used ( e.g. NVivo 8 ) . Interview notes will be transcribed into direct accounts , a transcript of the transcript will be sent to the interview participant for respondent proof .Data analysis will get down on reception of the returned transcripts. Data analysis will be support utilizing NVivo, this package can manage greathearted sums of informations rapidly, and it helps the development of consistent coding strategies and provides individual location storage for all informations and stuff for the undertaking.Data will be analysed utilizing thematic analysis, inform ations within the interview transcripts will be given codifications, extra remarks and contemplations will be noted utilizing memos similar recurring phrases, subjects, experiences etc will be sought.From the forms generated from the informations a set of generalisations will so be developed these generalizations will be discussed and reported on in the concluding study. ( Adapted from Miles & A Huberman, 1994 9 )Chapter FIVE DiscussionDiscuss the of import points that emerge from the analysis of the consequences.RestrictionsRestrictions chiefly originate in the sample method, purposive sampling introduces bias nonethe slight it is necessary to concentrate the survey on the coveted mark group. The sample will merely include those who responded to the invitation to take part and returned completed consent signifiers.Further restrictions burn up in the prejudice declared by the research worker, who has a peculiar professional involvement in e-Learning and its application to nurs e CPD and possible Observer Effect this is when the percipient s survey of the behavior changes the nature of the behavior, likewise this alteration can happen during interview. Robson ( 2002 ) indicates that addiction can cut down this consequence, placing how a individual becomes progressively long-familiar with the procedure of observation and hence less constrained.Chapter Six DecisionMentionsBahn D ( 2007 ) Orientation of nurses towards formal and informal acquisition Motivations and perceptual experiences. Nurse Education Today. 27 ( 7 ) , 723-730.Barker PJ ( 1991 ) Interview. In Cormack DFS ( Ed ) . The enquiry Process in Nursing ( second edition ) . Oxford Blackwell scientific Publications, 207-214.Bryman A ( 2004 ) Social research methods ( 2nd edition ) . Oxford Oxford University Press.CLU ( 2008 ) NHS Core Learning building block. procurable at hypertext move out communications communications communications protocol //www.corelearningunit.com/ ( accessed 17/11/ 09 ) .Connecting for Health ( 2008 ) Programmes for IT In your country. obtainable at hypertext conveyance of title protocol //www.connectingforhealth.nhs.uk/ study ( accessed 17/11/09 ) .Creswell JW ( 2007 ) Qualitative interrogation and Research Design Choosing Among Five Approaches ( 2nd edition ) Thousand Oaks, atomic number 20 keen Publications Inc.Crofts L ( 2002 ) Geting Started. In Tarling M & A Crofts L ( Eds ) The indispensable research worker s enchiridion for nurses and wellness attention professionals ( 2nd edition ) . Edinburgh Bailliere Tindall, 1-18.Department of Health ( DH ) ( 1999 ) Continuing professional development Quality in the new NHS. procurable at hypertext conveyancing protocol //www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/ dh/ en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4012012.pdf ( accessed 17/11/09 ) .DH ( 2001 ) Working together, larning together a model for womb-to-tomb acquisition for the NHS. available at hypertext change over protocol //www .dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/ dh/ en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4058896.pdf ( accessed 17/11/09 ) .DH ( 2005 ) The NHS Institute for Learning, Skills and Innovation The Way Forward. uncommitted at hypertext transfer protocol //www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/ dh/ en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4107524.pdf ( accessed 17/11/09 ) .Economic and Social Research Council ( ESRC ) ( 2006 ) Research Ethics Framework ( REF ) . in stock(predicate) at hypertext transfer protocol //www.esrcsocietytoday.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/Images/ESRC_Re_Ethics_Frame_tcm6-11291.pdf ( accessed 17/11/09 ) .Farrell M ( 2006 ) Learning other vitamin E larning in nurse instruction. Nursing Management, 13 ( 6 ) , 14-17Geertz C ( 1973 ) The reading of civilizations selected essays. New York Basic Books.Gill A ( 2007 ) E-Learning and professional development neer excessively old to larn. British Journal of Nursing. 16 ( 17 ) , 1084-1088.Guba EG & A Lincoln YS ( 1981 ) use ful rating Bettering the utility of rating consequences through antiphonal and realistic attacks. San Francisco Jossey-Bass.Guest G, Bunce A & A Johnson L ( 2006 ) How Many Interviews Are plentiful? An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability. vault of heaven Methods. 18 ( 1 ) , 59-82.HEFCE ( 2005 ) Scheme for e-Learning. on hand(predicate) at hypertext transfer protocol //www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/hefce/2005/05_12/05_12.pdf ( accessed 17/11/09 ) .Husserl E ( 1977 ) Cartesian speculations an entranceway to phenomenology. 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Psychology & A Health. 11 ( 2 ) 261-271.AppendixsDefinitionsContinuing professional development ( CPD )A First Class table service ( DH 1999 5 ) defines CPD as a procedure of womb-to-tomb larning for all persons and squads which meets the demands of patients and delivers the wellness results and healthcare precedences of the NHS and which enables professionals to spread out and carry through their possible CPD should be focussed on the demands of patients and should assist persons and squads deliver the we llness results and healthcare precedences of the NHS, as set out in national service models and local wellness betterment programmes. CPD should be a partnership between the person and the administration its focal point should be the bringing of high quality NHS services every bit good as run intoing single calling aspirations and larning demands. All chances should be taken for patients and patients groups to hold an input ( DH 1999 6 ) .e-LearningJISC ( control stick Information Systems Committee ) ( no day of the month ) indicate that e-Learning can be defined as larning facilitated and supported through the usage of information and communications engineering . It can cover a spectrum of activities from the usage of engineering to back up larning as portion of a blended attack ( a combination of traditional and e-Learning attacks ) , to larning that is delivered solely on-line .MentionsDepartment of Health ( 1999 ) Continuing Professional Development Quality in the new N HS. Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Lettersandcirculars/Healthservicecirculars/DH_4004315? IdcService=GET_FILE & A dID=27906 & A Rendition=Web ( accessed 01/06/08 )JISC ( no day of the month ) e-Learning. Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/themes/elearning.aspx ( accessed 01/06/08 )Useful Web sitesInterpretative Phenomenological Analysis ( IPA ) this website lineations IPA and its application to qualitative research hypertext transfer protocol //www.psyc.bbk.ac.uk/ipa/The NHS Core Learning Unit ( NHS CLU ) has delivered core larning programmes since October 2005 following the death of the NHS University ( NHSU ) . The Unit isahosted administration within the National Health Service. Programs are funded by the Strategic Health Authorities in England and are, as such, available free of extra charges, to NHS staff. hypertext transfer protocol //www.corelearningunit.com/Useful web sitehypertext tra nsfer protocol //www.nesc.nhs.uk/e-learning__libraries/e-learning/strategy, _policies__documenta.aspxThe NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement supports the NHS to exchange health care for patients and the populace by quickly developing and distributing new slipway of working, new engineering and first tip hypertext transfer protocol //www.institute.nhs.uk/The NHS and Social Care E-Learning Resources Database contains inside informations of e-Learning plans that have been developed and are available for usage within the wellness and attention sector hypertext transfer protocol //www.nhselearningdatabase.org.uk/ .Skills for Health was established in April 2002 with support from the DH, the independent and voluntary wellness sectors and staff administrations to go the Sector Skills Council ( SSC ) for wellness across the UK. Skills for Health takes a UK-wide lead for the development and usage of incorporate competence models across health care hypertext transfer protocol //www.skillsforhealth.org.uk/