Deforestation Regulations Of The Tropics Essay - 2361 Words

Deforestation Regulations in the Tropics 48 football fields. Not monthly, not even daily. 48 football fields worth of tropical rainforest is cut down every single minute. This adds up to about 46-58 thousand square miles per year. 58 thousand square miles of the already narrow belt of tropical forests stretching around the equator. These are forests of amazing diversity and productivity. Forests that may cover only 7% of the land’s surface here on Earth, but harbor more than half of all species and play a massive part in maintaining the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere and regulating our climate. Advocates for the preservation of these forests state that deforestation has devastating consequences including social conflict, extinction of plants and animals, and dangerous climate changes, and that local deforestation in these forests are causing damages that aren’t just local, but global. While opponents claim that tropical forests are destined to diminish as it is necessary for the growing human pop ulation to clear the natural landscape to make room for farms and pastures, to harvest timber for construction and fuel, to build roads and urban areas and to develop the economies of the often poor countries that surround the equator. Recent research has however repeatedly proven these statements wrong. Showing how the human population have no desperate need to cut down these forests, and that we are in fact more prone to make our own situation worse when we do.Show MoreRelatedGlobal Environmental Issue : Deforestation Essay1103 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Environmental Issue: Deforestation Deforestation is a global environmental threat the planet is currently experiencing. Deforestation in tropical rainforests is especially problematic as they are home to a myriad of important plant and animal species. 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The Effectiveness Of Collaborative Learning Education Essay Free Essays

string(208) " of concerted acquisition is positive mutuality, where pupils perceive that their success or failure prevarications within their working together as a group \( Johnson, Johnson, A ; Holubec, 1986 \) \." As EFL teachers we are concerned with two chief issues in linguistic communication acquisition. The first issue addresses the accomplishments pupils should get in EFL categories as a consequence of teaching-learning experiences. Such accomplishments are frequently measured by pupils ‘ accomplishment. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effectiveness Of Collaborative Learning Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The 2nd issue takes history of the schemes EFL instructors use to assist pupils get such accomplishments and in bend increase their accomplishment. Writing is a accomplishment which requires attempts from both the pupil and the instructor. It is one of the four linguistic communication accomplishments which is given accent in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition ( Inggris 2009 ) . Writing is one of the accomplishments which need to be mastered by the scholars. They learn different genres of composing like descriptive, expository, recount and narrative based on the prescribed course of study of their suppliers. Language larning involves larning the linguistic communication codification every bit good as the civilization ( appropriate ways of thought and moving ) associated with the linguistic communication ( Becket A ; Gonzales 2004 ) . Students ‘ authorship abilities are affected by the type of instructions instructors use within their schoolroom patterns. Writing is one of the productive accomplishments that scholars are expected to accomplish in order to guarantee their communicative competency. While larning composing, pupils are supposed to acquire involved in many activities that enable them to bring forth a piece of composing at the terminal. They can be engaged for illustration in category treatments, act in function playing or acquire involved in equal redaction. While engaged in schoolroom activities pupils build up experience and hold more pattern that may eventually give the opportunity to make a proper merchandise of authorship. In learning authorship, instructors strive difficult to happen schemes to ease increasing pupils ‘ accomplishment. There are many methods adopted by the instructors in learning EFL authorship in the schoolrooms. One of the methods recommended in learning authorship is the incorporation of concerted acquisition ( Kagan 2002 ) . In ability grouping, pupils are grouped in a assortment of more flexible ways so that they spend some part of a school twenty-four hours in heterogenous groups and some part in homogenous groups. ( Grady et al 2007 ) . In most EFL categories, some scholars perform better beyond grade-level, others struggle with mark linguistic communication, while another great portion of the category falls someplace in between. In their attempt to run into the demands of such a diverse pupils, pedagogues tend to delegate brace and group work with pupils of different ability degrees happening ways to affect all pupils in the activities. These ways could include communicative and concerted undertakings to let staging of less advanced pupils. In this schoolroom environment advanced degree scholars act as a span to ease the acquisition procedure and lower degree schoolmates exhibit a willingness to traverse that span ( Sean, 2002.A As a general regulation, it would look sensible to propose that schoolroom harmoniousness might better be achieved in a group of motivated pupils who are allowed to take part and collaborate. Statement of the job Teachers and pedagogues seem to hold struggled for decennaries to happen replies to inquiries about heterogenous and homogenous grouping: Does anyone benefit from each? Is anyone harmed by each? Who benefits ( or is harmed ) the most? Why? Are at that place options to these two types grouping? The replies are non ever clear-cut and frequently depend on whom you ask and what larning results are considered of import. To many pedagogues, grouping is considered a reasonable response to academic diverseness. To others, the pattern has harmful unintended effects and should be abandoned. Indeed, research, logic, and emotion frequently clash when debating the subject of grouping. But what do we truly cognize? Consequently, this survey aims to look into the consequence of homogenous grouping versus heterogenous grouping on EFL pupils accomplishment in composing in the hope that it may settle the statement on which is better for both high and low winners. Homogeneous grouping can be defined as spliting pupils into little groups which include pupils of the same ability or degree for illustration high winners together and low winners together. While heterogenous grouping can be defined as spliting pupils into groups that include assorted or different degrees, high and low winners together. Theoretical Model Cognitive growing springs from the alliance of assorted positions as persons work to achieve common ends. Both Piaget and Vygotsky saw concerted acquisition with more able equals and teachers as ensuing in cognitive development and rational growing ( Johnson, et al. , 1998 ) . The premise of behavioural larning theory is that pupils will work hard on undertakings that provide a wages and that pupils will neglect to work on undertakings that provide no wages or penalty. Concerted acquisition is one scheme that rewards persons for engagement in the group ‘s attempt. A reappraisal of the literature on concerted acquisition shows that pupils benefit academically and socially from concerted, small-group acquisition ( Gillies, 2002 ) . Concerted acquisition can bring forth positive effects on pupil accomplishment ( Cohen, 1986 ; Davidson, 1989 ; Devries A ; Slavin, 1978 ; Johnson A ; Johnson, 1989 ; Okebukola, 1985 ; Reid, 1992 ; Slavin, 1990 ) . Academic benefits include higher attainments in reading comprehension, composing ( Mathes, Fuchs, A ; Fuchs, 1997 ) and mathematics ( Ross, 1995 ; Whicker, Nunnery, A ; Bol, 1997 ) and enhanced conceptual apprehension and accomplishment in scientific discipline ( Lonning, 1993 ; Watson, 1991 ) . Social benefits include more on-task behaviours and assisting interactions with group members ( Burron, James, A ; Ambrosio, 1993 ; Gillies A ; Ashman, 1998 ; McManus A ; Gettinger, 1996 ) , higher self-pride, more friends, more engagement in schoolroom activities, and improved attitudes toward larning ( Lazarowitz, Baird, A ; Bolden, 1996 ; Lazarowitz, Hertz-Lazarowitz, A ; Baird, 1994 ) . Harmonizing to Slavin ( 1987 ) , there are two major theoretical positions related to concerted acquisition — motivational and cognitive. The motivational theories of concerted acquisition stress the pupils ‘ inducements to make academic work, while the cognitive theories emphasize the effects of working together. Motivational theories related to cooperative learning focal point on wages and end constructions. One of the elements of concerted acquisition is positive mutuality, where pupils perceive that their success or failure prevarications within their working together as a group ( Johnson, Johnson, A ; Holubec, 1986 ) . You read "The Effectiveness Of Collaborative Learning Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" From a motivational position, â€Å" concerted end construction creates a state of affairs in which the lone manner group members can achieve their personal ends is if the group is successful † ( Slavin, 1990, ) . Therefore, in order to achieve their personal ends, pupils are likely to promote members within the group to make whatever assist the group to win and to assist one another with a group undertaking. There are two cognitive theories that are straight applied to cooperative acquisition, the developmental and the amplification theories ( Slavin, 1987 ) . The developmental theories assume that interaction among pupils around appropriate undertakings increases their command of critical constructs ( Damon, 1984 ) . When pupils interact with other pupils, they have to explicate and discourse each other ‘s positions, which lead to greater apprehension of the stuff to be learned. The battle to decide possible struggles during collaborative activity consequences in the development of higher degrees of apprehension ( Slavin, 1990 ) . The amplification theory suggests that one of the most effectual agencies of acquisition is to explicate the stuff to person else. Concerted acquisition activities enhance elaborative thought and more frequent giving and receiving of accounts, which has the possible to increase deepness of apprehension, the quality of logical thinking, and the truth of long term keeping ( Johnson, Johnson, A ; Holubec, 1986 ) . Therefore, the usage of concerted larning methods should take to improved pupil acquisition and keeping from both the developmental and cognitive theoretical bases. Several surveies have examined the effects of concerted larning methods on pupil acquisition. Humphreys, Johnson, and Johnson ( 1982 ) compared concerted, competitory, and individualistic schemes and concluded that pupils who were taught by concerted methods learned and retained significantly more information than pupils taught by the other two methods. Sherman and Thomas ( 1986 ) found similar consequences in a survey affecting high school pupils taught by concerted and individualistic methods. In a reappraisal of 46 surveies related to concerted acquisition, Slavin ( 1983 ) found that concerted acquisition resulted in important positive effects in 63 % of the surveies, and merely two surveies reported higher accomplishment for the comparing group. Johnson, Maruyama, Johnson, Nelson, and Skon ( 1981 ) conducted a meta-analysis of 122 surveies related to cooperative acquisition and concluded that there was strong grounds for the high quality of concerted acquisition in advancing accomplishment over competitory and individualistic schemes. Johnson and Ahlgren ( 1976 ) examined the relationships between pupils ‘ attitudes toward cooperation, competition, and their attitudes toward instruction. The consequences of the survey indicated that pupil amenability, and non competitiveness, was positively related to being motivated to larn. Humphreys, Johnson, and Johnson ( 1982 ) besides found that pupils analyzing in a concerted acquisition intervention group rated their learning experience more positively than did pupils in competitory and individualistic intervention groups. In a survey affecting simple and secondary pupils Wodarski, et al. , ( 1980 ) found that 95 % of the simple pupils enjoyed the concerted acquisition activities and that they had learned a batch about the topic. Cooperative acquisition has its roots in the theories of societal mutuality, cognitive development, and behavioural acquisition. Some research provides exceptionally strong grounds that concerted larning consequences in greater attempt to accomplish, more positive relationships, and greater psychological wellness than competitory or individualistic acquisition attempts ( Johnson, Johnson, A ; Holubec, 1994 ( Social mutuality theory positions cooperation as ensuing from positive links of persons to carry through a common end. The Gesalt psychologist Kurt Koffka proposed in the early 1900 ‘s that although groups are dynamic wholes the mutuality among members is variable. Kurt Lewin ( 1948 ) stated that mutuality developed from common ends provides the indispensable kernel of a group. This mutuality creates groups that are dynamic wholes. The power of the group is such that a alteration in any member or subgroup straight alterations any other member or subgroup. Within cognitive development theory, cooperation must predate cognitive growing. Harmonizing to Emmer and Gerwels ( 2002 ) some research on concerted acquisition has addressed instructional constituents. In a figure of surveies pupils have been taught interaction accomplishments, such as how to oppugn or to assist each other so that they did non give replies but facilitated each other ‘s thought ( Fuchs, Fuchs, Kazdan, A ; Allen, 1999 ; Gillies A ; Ashman, 1996, 1998 ; Nattiv, 1994 ; Webb, Troper, A ; Fall, 1995 ) . And, when pupils are taught such accomplishments, positive results such as increased intrinsic motive, wishing for school, and self-pride can ensue ( Battistich, Solomon, A ; Delucchi, 1993 ) . Homogeneous grouping Homogeneous grouping has been proposed and implemented as a possible solution to run into the demands of the assorted ability categories, proposing that pupils of different abilities can be gathered in groups of same ability thereby easing direction ( Slavin, 1987 ) . This sort of grouping is based on the pedagogical rule that the instructor has the advantage of concentrating direction at the degree of all the pupils in the peculiar group ( Ansalone, 2000 ) . It is assumed that instructors of assorted ability categories can increase the gait and raise direction degree for high winners whereas low degree pupils can bask single attending. So, advanced students are taught more hard constructs while low winners deal with simple and fewer things. Advocates of homogenous grouping opine that it is an first-class agencies of individualising direction. Achievement is considered to increase as instructors adjust the gait of direction to pupils ‘ demands. Kulik and Kulik ( 1982 ) and Slavin ( 1987 ) carried out meta-analyses of surveies at the simple school degree, happening benefits of within-class ability grouping. Both low ability pupils and more advanced 1s placed in separate groups, benefited from direction addressed to their degree. More late, Mulkey et Al ( 2005 ) found that same ability grouping has persistent instructional benefits for both high and low degree pupils. Marsh ( 1987 ) supports HG as a manner of get bying with assorted ability categories presuming that grouping kids homogeneously enables those in lower ability groups to gain with regard to self-evaluation by being isolated from advanced equals. Furthermore, Allan ( 1991 ) supports that students model their behavior after the behavior of similar ability kids who are get bying good with their school work. The protagonists of homogenous grouping conclude that research fails to back up that homogenous grouping does n’t carry through anything ( Loveless, 1998 ) . Although instructors of assorted ability categories seem to hold positive attitudes towards homogenous grouping ( Scherer, 1993, Mulkey et Al, 2005 ) , the last one-fourth of the twentieth century witnessed terrible unfavorable judgment of ability grouping. It has been declared that this type of grouping stigmatizes lower ability pupils, offering them inferior direction. Several research workers argue that homogenous grouping does non vouch that all advanced or all weak pupils are likewise. Matthews ( 1997 ) conducted a relevant research with pupils in classs 6 through 8 determination that gifted pupils are well more diverse than they are homogenous. They vary in their grades of promotion, their abilities, their acquisition manners and involvements, their test-taking accomplishments, and their social/emotional development. So, garnering advanced kids of the assorted ability classes together in one group may non be the wisest solution to the job. Ability grouping may diminish the self-esteem and aspirations of low ability kids and hence slow their academic advancement. Welner and Mickelson ( 2000 ) carried out rather an extended research reappraisal happening that low ability kids are exposed to lowered outlooks, reduced resources and rote acquisition. Children ‘s self-concept is affected and outlooks are internalized ( Ireson and Hallam, 1999, Gamoran, 1987 ) . This implies that pupils of low ability in assorted ability categories are provided with low outlooks if placed in same ability groups doing them feelings of lower status. This is confirmed by Ansalone ( 2001 ) and Hallinan ( 1994 ) who demonstrated that kids assigned to lower ability groups, are exposed to less and more simplified versions of the course of study whereas high ability groups have broader and more ambitious stuff covered. In this sense, Oakes ( 1992 ) and Wheelock ( 2005 ) support that educational benefits in assorted ability scenes are non provid ed by homogenous grouping but instead by a ambitious course of study and high outlooks. Research has accumulated grounds bespeaking that schooling tends to increase single differences ( Van der Veer and Valsiner, 1991 ) . Homogeneous grouping seems to add more chances to advanced scholars who are normally middle-class or upper-middle-class kids, striping students who already suffer from socio-economic segregation, or those who are larning less fast. Kozo seems to hold that homogenous grouping amendss non merely low but besides high-ability pupils as the latter who are normally the flush kids are non given any chances to larn the virtuousnesss of assisting others or larning about unselfishness ( Scherer, 1993 ) . It is inferred that grouping pupils homogeneously for direction on the assorted ability categories is one more advantage conferred on those who already enjoy many. Heterogeneous grouping – Concerted acquisition Heterogeneous grouping, that is garnering kids of changing abilities in same groups has been proposed by many research workers as an effectual scheme to advance academic development of pupils holding diverse background cognition and abilities. Brimfield, Masci and Defiore ( 2002 ) believe that ‘all pupils deserve an academically disputing course of study ‘ ( p.15 ) . So, our end is to happen a manner to prosecute all students of the assorted ability schoolroom in the lesson irrespective of their abilities. The writers point out that by making mixed-ability groups, we send the compelling message that everybody is expected to work at the highest possible degree as high and low ability pupils trade with the same challenges. Disadvantaged students are at decreased hazard of being stigmatized and exposed to a ‘dumped-down ‘ course of study in a mixed-ability scene. Teachers ‘ outlooks for all students are maintained at higher degrees and less able pupils have chances to be assisted by more able equals. It is assumed that heterogenous grouping provides pupils entree to more learning chances. Johnson and Johnson ( 1987 ) recommend delegating kids of high, medium, and low abilities in the same group maximising the heterogenous make up of each group. Such ability diverseness within the same group creates an effectual acquisition environment ( Manlove and Baker, 1995 ) supplying larning chances for low-level pupils every bit good as chances to more advanced kids to supply accounts to others revising, consolidating and utilizing some things they have encountered before. The instructors can utilize concerted undertakings among high and low winners of assorted ability groups or braces in order to advance task battle of all pupils in the assorted ability category as advanced kids can supply accounts and counsel in transporting out a undertaking. Concerted undertakings among high and low winners are valued by the sociocultural theory of Vygotsky ( 1978 ) . Students of assorted ability categories differ at their competency degree and anterior lingual experiences. Vygotsky supports that kids who are exposed to books and other out-of-school factors which contribute to lingual development i.e.prior cognition of English from private institutional direction, are expected to hold already run through a big portion of their ZPD. On the other manus, students with hapless literacy chances i.e. without anterior cognition of English may possess a larger Zone of Proximal Development ( Van der Veer and Valsiner, 1991 ) . So, they may profit greatly from equal interactions which are likely to assist low degree pupils reach higher degrees of public presentation. In this model, Lyle ( 1999 ) showed that both low and high accomplishing pupils value the chance to work together as all students believed that they benefited. It was concluded that equal interactions can ease literacy development particularly of low ability pupils. In this vena, Guralnick ( 1992 ) points out that societal competency acquired in group work affects the amplification of all pupils ‘ cognitive competences, connoting that both low and advanced scholars of assorted ability categories may derive from such scenes. The function of equal acquisition as lending to linguistic communication development has besides been emphasized by Mize, Ladd and Price ( 1985 ) Webb ( 1989 ) , Jacob et Al ( 1996 ) and Slavin ( 1996 ) . Rogoff ( 1993 ) refers to kids ‘s societal sharing of their knowledge through interaction. When pupils participate in corporate activities, they guide each other ‘s attempts. Harmonizing to Tudge and Winterhoff ( 1993 ) advanced kids give changeless feedback through conversation coercing equals to endeavor for making higher degrees of public presentation. Assorted surveies have indicated a positive correlativity between concerted acquisition and accomplishment in assorted ability categories. For illustration, Walters ( 2000 ) asserts that concerted acquisition is suited for instructors covering with progressively diverse schoolrooms as it easy accommodates single differences in accomplishment. Consequently, Fulk and King ( 2001 ) support that ‘class-wide equal tutoring ‘ improves all pupils ‘ larning. They add that functioning in the function of coach seems to be peculiarly good for bettering the self-pride of pupils with low accomplishment while they may, for illustration, rate their spouse ‘s reading. Therefore, it appears that CL may fulfill the demands of a assorted ability category. Surveies conducted by Pica and Doughty ( 1985 ) , Porter ( 1986 ) , and Cotterall ( 1990 ) indicate that scholars of different abilities produce more in assorted ability brace and group work by assisting one another to get the better of cognitive obstructions. This decision is consistent with Urzua ‘s ( 1987 ) happening that the assorted ability kids in the experimental survey conducted, appeared to hold developed a sense of power in linguistic communication through the procedure of working with sure equals i.e. authorship and rewriting. The benefits of concerted acquisition are more touchable when it comes to written work. O’Donnell et Al ( 1985 ) found that engagement in concerted couples can better the quality of pupils ‘ public presentation on a written undertaking. Weak pupils of assorted ability categories can utilize advanced scholars as beginnings of information, noticing on and reviewing each other ‘s bill of exchanges in both unwritten and written formats ( Liu and Hansen, 2002 ) . Rollinson ( 2005:25 ) attributes this phenomenon to the possibility that ‘peer audiences are more sympathetic than the more distant instructor audience ‘ . Peer reappraisal groups are besides favoured by Huot ( 2002 ) and Inoue ( 2005 ) and Cotterall and Cohen ( 2003 ) who showed the positive effects of scaffolding in assorted ability scenes Concerted activities such as group probe are likely to promote diffident and low public presentation pupils since they have the advantage of necessitating the engagement of all group or brace members to transport out a undertaking, leting each member to make something harmonizing to one ‘s abilities. Reappraisal of Literature Ability grouping can be carried out between-class or within-class ( Dukmak 2009 ) . Between-class ability grouping refers to a school ‘s pattern of organizing schoolrooms that contains pupils of similar ability. Within-class grouping refers to a teacheraˆYs pattern of organizing groups of pupils of similar ability within an single category ( Gamoran, 1992 ; Hollified, 1987 ) An extended research has been conducted on ability grouping proposing that academically, high-achieving pupils achieve and learn more when they are grouped with other high-achieving pupils ( Gentry A ; Owens, 2002 ; Grossen, 1996 ; Hollified, 1987 ; Page A ; Keith, 1996 ) . In mixed-ability grouping it is hard to supply an equal environment for learning to everyone. Since pupils differ in cognition, accomplishments, developmental phase, and larning rate, one lesson might be easier for some pupils and more hard for the others ( Slavin, 1987b ) . In ability grouping, high-achieving pupils view their ain abilities more realistically and experience that they are suitably challenged with their equals ( Fiedler, Lange, and Wine-Brenner, 2002 ) . Mixed-ability grouping is based on concerted acquisition which demonstrates positive success related to pupil ‘s accomplishment. In this type of grouping, pupils work collaboratively to successfully accomplish a coveted educational result and develop a greater apprehension and regard for single differences. All signifiers of diverseness within the acquisition environment are embraced ( Felder A ; Brent, 2001 ; Freeman, 1993 ; Saleh, Lazonder, A ; DeJong, 2005 ) . Furthermore, in a mixed-ability, instructors respond to the individualised demands of all scholars ( Kulik A ; Kulik, 1992 ) . The most compelling statement against ability grouping is the creative activity of academic elites – a pattern which goes against democratic ideals ( Slavin, 1987a ) . Johnson and Johnson ( 1999 ) and Johnson, Johnson and Smith ( 1998 ) say that concerted acquisition has five basic elements. The elements are â€Å" positive mutuality, single answerability, promotive interaction, appropriate usage of societal accomplishments, and periodic processing of how to better the effectivity of the group † ( Johnson A ; Johnson 1999 ) .When these elements are decently implemented, the research has shown that â€Å" group coaction in the schoolroom can increase acquisition and accomplishment, societal accomplishments, self-esteem, and attitudes toward schoolmates and school † ( Slavin, 1990 as cited in Webb, Nemer A ; Zuniga 2002 ) . Puting pupils in squads or concerted acquisition groups has many advantages. It helps to construct a pupil ‘s communicating accomplishments, can assist increase tolerance and the credence of diverseness, promotes higher degree logical thinking, promotes increased coevals of new thoughts, promotes greater tran sportation of information from one state of affairs to another, increases keeping, builds teamwork accomplishments, reduces emphasis, and â€Å" increased willingness to try disputing undertakings † ( Baker A ; Campbell, 2005 ; Huss, 2006 ; Lin, 2006 ; Payne A ; Monk-Turner, 2006 ; Patrick, Bangel, A ; Jeon 2005 ; Kim 2004 ; Vaughn, 2002 ; Johnson A ; Johnson, 1999 ; Johnson, Johnson A ; Smith, 1998 ; Slavin, 1996 ) . The concerted acquisition experience besides [ gives ] pupils the chance to reexamine and larn information that they did non understand before the concerted acquisition activity ( Webb, 2002 ) . Harmonizing to Lin ( 2006, ) , research has concluded that concerted acquisition is the top ranked learning theoretical account that â€Å" promotes greater higher-order thought, job resolution, and accomplishment. † Students can retrieve 75-90 % of stuffs when they learn it in concerted acquisition state of affairss ( Lin, 2006 ) . In a study of college pupils after an experiment affecting group work, Payne and Monk-Turner ( 2006 ) found that 90 % of pupils favored group work and that 90 % learned from their group members. Since 1924, 168 surveies have been conducted that comparison concerted acquisition to competitory and single acquisition. These surveies have shown that concerted acquisition outputs higher academic accomplishment than single and competitory acquisition ( Johnson, Johnson A ; Smith, 1998 ) . Concerted acquisition groups are besides said to be peculiarly good to low academic achieving pupils and pupils of colour ( Huss, 2006 ; Vaughn, 2002 ) . Concerted larning groups appear to be successful for many grounds. Students become an instrumental portion of the group when they feel their attempts will lend to the success of the group ( Baker A ; Campbell, 2005 ) . Students are successful and learn in concerted acquisition groups because â€Å" [ they ] learn by making instead than listening † ( Payne, Monk-Turner, A ; Smith 2006 ) and because they are actively utilizing the stuff and information ( Zimbardo, Butler, Wolfe, 2003 ) . Concerted acquisition besides strengthens pupils societal interactions, it gives them the desire â€Å" to accomplish, [ to develop ] more positive interpersonal relationships, and [ have ] greater psychological wellness than competitory or individualistic acquisition attempts † ( Johnson, Johnson, A ; Holubec, 1994 as cited in Morgan, 2003, ) . Concerted acquisition can learn pupils that â€Å" ( a ) that cognition can be, or should be, shared with fellow pupils ; ( B ) that differen ces in sentiment can be rationally negotiated even under conditions of trial force per unit areas ; and ( degree Celsius ) that cooperative larning processs can be gratifying and productive † ( Zimbardo et al. , 2003, ) . These types of lessons enable pupils to larn how to work good with others. The mutualist relationships that develop within a group aid to ease the group ‘s success. Everyone feels the end of the group will be met if everyone achieves their single ends ( Vaughn, 2002 ; Morgan, 2004 ) . Harmonizing to Morgan ( 2004 ) , group members should besides be cognizant of the fact that a individual group member can impact how and/or if the end is achieved. The concerted acquisition experience is most effectual when the participants work good together and they successfully achieve their end. There are many features to successful squads. Some of these features include unfastened communicating, efficaciously listening, open-mindedness, clear functions, an established leader, clearly defined undertakings, teamwork where everyone works together and contributes, there are good developed come-at-able ends ( Payne, Monk-Turner, 2006 ; Baker A ; Campbell, 2005 ) , and a timeline ( Payne A ; Monk-Turner, 2006 ) . In a schoolroom, there are besides many things a instructor can make to assist see the success of a group activity. The instructor should supply strong counsel ( Payne A ; Monk-Turner, 2006 ; Baker A ; Campbell, 2005 ) , model the coveted behaviour, supply immediate feedback, and reward desired behaviour ( Lin, 2006 ; Baker A ; Campbell, 2005 ) . The instructor can besides utilize cheques and balances to supervise productiveness, e mploy assorted job work outing schemes ( Friend A ; Cook, 2007 ) , lengthen the sum of clip the group spends together, supply proper group behaviour preparation, set up â€Å" land regulations † ( Mitchell, Reilly, Bramwell, 2004 ) and let group members rate each other ( Lin, 2006 ) . If the instructor proctors, provides wagess and allows the pupils to rate each other, it may cut down the effects of a shirker and maintain pupils from acquiring a class they do non merit ( Payne A ; Monk-Turner, 2006 ) . Students that slack off can demotivate difficult working pupils and give them a negative feeling about group work ( Ashraf, 2004 ) . Many surveies have been conducted that demonstrate the success of teaming. Robert Slavin has conducted extended research on the execution of concerted acquisition theoretical accounts in schools. He has examined the effects schools going complete concerted acquisition centres on their academic accomplishment. He has found many successful state of affairss where lower acting schools were transformed because they converted to a concerted acquisition format ( Slavin, 1999 22-23 ) . Payne and Monk Turner ( 2006 ) conducted a survey that examined how pupils felt about squads. In this survey, they assigned pupils to groups, gave them an assignment, and so asked them how they felt about the assignment after the group undertaking was completed. They found that 90 % of the pupils had a favourable experience, 90 % of the pupils learned from their group members, and 85 % of the pupils felt they learned teaming accomplishments that could be transcended into concern. Baker and Campbell ( 2005 ) c onducted a survey in which pupils were placed in groups and observed that the pupils who worked in groups, as opposed to working separately, were more successful because they had more entree to knowledge, they felt pressured to win to maintain the group from neglecting, and the assorted personalities helped relieve the emphasis of the jobs. For illustration a member frequently told gags to assist lesson the tenseness. Additionally, members frequently provided positive support and motive. Puting pupils in groups to take trials is another manner to utilize concerted acquisition and group work. Morgan examined the benefits and nonbenefits of college pupils finishing tests utilizing concerted acquisition groups. She concluded that â€Å" The increased deepness of apprehension, the feelings of support, regard for other ‘s parts, and the elucidation of information produced more pupils with a greater consciousness of the stuff and more developed societal accomplishments to be lending members of squads † ( Morgan, 2004 ) . The apprehension of successful concerted larning group theoretical accounts non merely affects groups in grade school ; it besides affects groups in occupations and college. Harmonizing to Payne, Monk-Turner, and Smith ( 2006 ) â€Å" employers want college alumnuss that have developed teamwork accomplishments. † Miglietti ( 2002 ) says that group work is normally used in the workplace and employers want to engage people with these acco mplishments. Furthermore, these accomplishments can be learned when pupils are placed in successful squads where the ends have been reached. Socialization and communicating are illustrations of accomplishments that pupils learn in groups that can assist their passage into the concern universe ( Payne et al. , 2006 ) . In a study of college pupils, after a survey affecting group work, Payne and Monk-Turner ( 2006 ) found that 85 % of college pupils admitted that making group work would likely work on squads in future occupations. Participants The topics of this survey will be 46 11th graders representing two scientific discipline categories in Al Dahmaa Model School. Based on the consequences of a trial prepared by the research worker and correlated to the pupils ‘ last semester consequences of the concluding authorship test they will be grouped harmonizing to their abilities in authorship. Another tool to find the grouping of the pupils the research worker will analyse the information provided to the school of the EMSA test which is a national external appraisal of the pupils in the UAE which step pupils ‘ accomplishment in math, scientific discipline, Arabic and English reading and authorship. The research worker will be concerned with the consequences of the authorship exam merely as all the consequences are provided individually. Few points to reference here, foremost is that the pupils will be divided into groups for the intent of composing direction and activities merely. Since pupils ‘ abilities vary from accomplishment to skill, for the intent of this research, labeling pupils of higher, mean and lower winners will merely be mentioning to their abilities in composing merely. In add-on, a peculiar degree or group is non based on the capable perceptual experience or the other label, but on the consequences of the nonsubjective appraisal tool. In other words pupils will non be grouped harmonizing to other accomplishments than composing, such as their eloquence or their unwritten abilities, chiefly the consequences of a valid arrangement trial in their authorship abilities. Procedures In one category, the pupils will be grouped homogeneously, when high winners in composing gt ; ? will sit together and low winners lt ; ? will sit together. In the 2nd category pupils will be grouped heterogeneously in assorted ability groups when each group will include high and low winners in authorship. A pretest will be held for the participants before grouping them. The intervention will include teaching pupils composing schemes that will be covered within 20 Sessionss each session is 45 proceedingss stand foring a school twenty-four hours period. The posttest will be held shortly after the terminal of the whole Sessionss. During the Sessionss the pupils will be trained on utilizing the composing schemes such equal and ego redaction, outlining and peer rectification. The learning techniques and schemes will be varied harmonizing groups abilities. The instructor will follow the techniques suited for each group individually but the content of the intervention will be the same. How to cite The Effectiveness Of Collaborative Learning Education Essay, Essay examples

A contrast essay about two professions free essay sample

From my childhood, I have been interested in the cultural field. I have a dream to be a media person who works creatively with media-related work. So, as my future profession, I am considering two occupations, one of them is Art Director, and the other is Advertising, Promotions, and Marketing Manager often called marketing manager. That are my dream professions in future. Competitively the two occupations are related with creative and media industries, and both jobs are well paid have same work environment. Responsibility of an art director and a marketing manager are more alike than we might think. Both professions deal with the large groups of people. An art director works with other designers and artists, and on the other hand, a marketing manager plans programs to generate interest for the art directors, sales agents and financial staff members. An art director produces images for television, radio, film, advertisement, or video games. We will write a custom essay sample on A contrast essay about two professions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, a film art director carries out the movies artistic vision as defined by the production designer. He or she dose of the draftsman who in charge of design the sets and the construction manager who physically builds the sets. An art director also decorates and props masters to make sure all of the elements mesh, and an art director who is the contact for the special effect team. In fact, art directors are responsible for the visual style, images, and the overall artwork and layouts to make sure everything used on the sets is within the budget. Similarly, marketing manager plan programs to generate interest in a product or service. They work with art directors, sales agents, and financial staff members. For example, marketing managers inspect layouts, which are sketches or plans for an advertisement. However, both jobs duties, and responsibilities are related with almost the same people and both are joined to each other. Art directors, and marketing managers, both have salary structures that are good compared with some other jobs. On the research of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, an Art Director’s â€Å"median pay in 2012 was $80,880 per year, or $38. On the other hand, a Marketing Manager â€Å"median pay in 2012 was $115,750 per year, or $55. 65 per hour†. In addition, most art directors, and marketing managers work full time. However, in 2012, â€Å"about two in five marketing managers worked more than forty hours per week†. Nevertheless, depending on payment and working hours, both jobs are very attractive to me. Work environment is also another most important segment for compering the art director, and marketing manager’s career. An art director works for advertising and public relations firms as well as the motion picture and video industries. In comparison, a marketing manager works in offices close to financial decision management. Marketing managers work under pressure that is unavoidable when schedules change and problems arise, but deadlines and goals still must be met. Furthermore, they work in advertising agencies, public relations offices, and the newspaper offices. In fact an art director usually works in a fast-paced office as well as they often work under pressure to meet strict deadlines which is most important for this job. Competitively, both jobs have environments reliant on their job duties which are very similar. To summarize, compering both jobs responsibilities, salaries and work environments has made attractive for me. Because they have serious fun and creative working areas. Nevertheless, I would like to decide to be a marketing manager. Because it is a very creative career. I know I would be happy with this dream profession.

The Theme Of Death In Poems Essay Example For Students

The Theme Of Death In Poems Essay The Theme of Death in PoemsDeath is a common theme in many poems. It is viewed so differently toeveryone. In the poems, Because I could not stop for Death, First Death inNova Scotia, and War is kind death is presented by each narrator as somethingdifferent. To one it is a kind gentle stranger while to another it is a coldcruel being. A kind gentleman stranger personifies death in, Because I could notstop for Death. The narrator of the poem is a busy person, with little time,and definitely no time to die. Her carriage driver, which is death, arrives totake her into immortality. Death isnt hasty, he doesnt take her quickly. Hedrives her past things that the narrator had not taken the time to notice in awhile. The narrator watched as he drives her past a school, where children areplaying, and then on they go past fields. She sees the sun go down, and thecarriage driver past the sun, but she realizes they werent passing the sun, itwas passing them; time was passing by, past her life. Her life has now past herby, and she is arriving at her final destination, which was her grave, yet shedescribes it as her house. In the end she is looking back, and sees howcenturies have passed, yet she isnt passing by anymore, and to her this hundredyears seems as no time at all. Finally she accepts her death, and is able topass into eternity. To her death wasnt harsh like some see it, but a kindly,gentle soul, taking her for a carriage ride to her final home. We will write a custom essay on The Theme Of Death In Poems specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A child experiences death much differently than an adult. Childrenarent quite able to see death as the sad even that it is. First Death in NovaScotia tells of a young boys death, and his cousins view of it. We are shownArthurs death through the eyes of a child. The little girl, our narrator,describes the scene of her cousins funeral. Her focus however is not how wemight think that she would perceive it. She describes to us pictures of theRoyal family hanging in the room, and of a stuffed loon that her uncle hadkilled. To me it seems that she sees this event, her cousins death, as anesteemed event, one that the most pristine people are attending. She begins bytelling us of the royals hanging in the room, and end talking of them again. In the last stanza, she mentions the gracious royal couples and how they haveinvited cousin Arthur to be the smallest page in their court. It is as thoughshe is trying to make this event an honorable one, instead of one of mourning,and sadness as most see it. In the poem, the colors were mentioned frequently,and the little girl many times mentioned how white cousin Arthur was. Shementioned to white, frozen lake of the loon that was a marble topped table. Thecolor of Arthur was also white, like a doll that hadnt been painted. Sheplayed a lily in his hand, yet another personification of innocense by the colorof the flower. This defining of the color is symbolic, or the youth andinnocence of Arthur. It represents how he was but a child, and his death wasnot such a sad occasion, but the taking of innocence from one place, to a betterone. Again in this poem death was not personified as evil, but as a gentleremoval of the life and youth of an innocent young boy. .ufc830543c865e85b3aa600b63fa76caa , .ufc830543c865e85b3aa600b63fa76caa .postImageUrl , .ufc830543c865e85b3aa600b63fa76caa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufc830543c865e85b3aa600b63fa76caa , .ufc830543c865e85b3aa600b63fa76caa:hover , .ufc830543c865e85b3aa600b63fa76caa:visited , .ufc830543c865e85b3aa600b63fa76caa:active { border:0!important; } .ufc830543c865e85b3aa600b63fa76caa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufc830543c865e85b3aa600b63fa76caa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufc830543c865e85b3aa600b63fa76caa:active , .ufc830543c865e85b3aa600b63fa76caa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufc830543c865e85b3aa600b63fa76caa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufc830543c865e85b3aa600b63fa76caa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufc830543c865e85b3aa600b63fa76caa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufc830543c865e85b3aa600b63fa76caa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufc830543c865e85b3aa600b63fa76caa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufc830543c865e85b3aa600b63fa76caa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufc830543c865e85b3aa600b63fa76caa .ufc830543c865e85b3aa600b63fa76caa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufc830543c865e85b3aa600b63fa76caa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The role of Antonio in Shakespeare's Tempest EssayIn the poem War is Kind the narrator uses sarcasm to display death. He begins in the first stanza, telling a young woman whose lover has been killedin war, how noble his death was. He tell her not to weep because he died inglory. Yet in the second stanza hedescibes the horror of the war, and howuncivilized it really is. He portrays the dying of the many people as in vein,rather than in glory, and honor. The narrator goes back and forth fromglorifying the dying of the soldiers, to telling of its stupidity, and how trulyunhonorable it is. Death is portrayed as vial in this poem, and is shown to bethat through the use of sarcasm. In these three poems death is personified and viewed as severaldifferent things. One sees it as a kind stranger. In another death is viewedas a cold, occasion, yet almost like a party. Lastly we see death and dying asa noble thing in a sarcastic tone. The narrator is relaly telling us how horidthe death really is. While death is a common theme of many poems each poet hasa different view of it, and describes it to us uniquily.

Development of a Web Based Recruitment Process System for the Human Resource of an Organization Essays

Development of a Web Based Recruitment Process System for the Human Resource of an Organization Essays Development of a Web Based Recruitment Process System for the Human Resource of an Organization Paper Development of a Web Based Recruitment Process System for the Human Resource of an Organization Paper DEVELOPMENT OF A WEB BASED RECRUITMENT PROCESS SYSTEM FOR THE HUMAN RESOURCE OF AN ORGANIZATION CASE STUDY:UGANDA VIRUS RESEARCH INSTITUTE SUBMITED BY: NAMBALE JOHN BOSCO REG NO: 2007-03-IT-042 LECTURER: MR OTHIENO JOSEPH 1. 1. Introduction For an organization to run successfully and efficiently its very important that it has efficient workers and to use its resources very well especially human resources. So one of the important goals of an organization is to recruit right people for the right job. So there should be a proper recruiting process management system so that all the activities and selection procedure can be carried out effectively without losing its transparency. A web based recruitment system will be of great help in carrying out recruitment operations and with this very objective in mind this web based recruitment system will be made. In this web based recruitment system it will manage all such activities (like storing applicants data, scheduling interviews, retrieval of recorded data and easy application) and that will save time, manpower and the biggest advantage of being it web based. This web based system will provide better prospective for the enhancement of organization regarding to quality and transparency. 1. 2. Background of the case study The Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), located in Entebbe, Uganda, was established in 1936 as the Yellow Fever Research Institute by the Rockefeller Foundation. In 1950, after gaining regional recognition it was renamed the East African Virus Research Institute (EAVRI). After the collapse of the East African Community in 1977, it became a Uganda government public health research institution and was renamed the Uganda Virus Research Institute. The government of Uganda now administers and funds the institute through the Uganda National Health Research Organization (UNHRO) which is an umbrella research body with in the Uganda Ministry of Health. The mission of the institute is to carry out scientific research concerning communicable diseases, especially viral diseases of public health importance and to advise the government on strategies for control and prevention. The institute also plays a large role in coordinating and administering virology related clinical trials within the county. Most recently the institute has been involved in human HIV vaccine clinical trials. The HIV/AIDS Reference and Quality Assurance Laboratory (HRL), which is part of the institute plays an important role in making public policy recommendations to the Uganda National Drug Authority on the access and usage of new drugs and medicaltechnologies. 1. 3. Problem Statement The current recruitment processes are primarily manual and paper based. These processes are labor intensive, costly and unfriendly from the applicant and managerial point of view. It is worth notifying that with the increasing number of applicants at the institute and with this current recruitment processes which are primarily manual and paper based are no longer efficient. It is the intention to replace these with a system that will allow direct job applications on-line and improve this situation. 1. 4. Objectives of the study This project is aimed at developing a web-based (on-line)recruitment system for Uganda Virus Research Institute which will store data, schedule interviews, allow easy retrieval of data and finally also allow easy application. However there are other specific objectives and these will include; To investigate the current system being used. To design a web based recruitment process system. To implement a web based recruitment process system. To test the web based recruitment process system. 2. Activities and Deliverables The following table describes the activities and deliverables comprising of the system development life cycle which involves planning stage, analysis stage, design stage, implementation stage and maintenance stage StagesActivitiesDeliverables PlanningDefine business problem and scope Produce detailed project schedule Confirm project feasibility Presentation of reasons why system should or should not be developed by the organizationInitiate Ensure feasibility Plan schedule AnalysisGather information to learn problem domain Determine system requirements Generate alternative designs Compare alternatives Recommend best alternativeRequirements specification Entity Relationship Diagram Performance expectations Description of work flows and manuals DesignDefine system architecture Produce logical and physical database design Design document Data Element Dictionary ImplementationVerify and test Convert data Train users and document the system Install the system Testing User training Installation of new system. MaintenanceMaintain system Enhance system Support usersSmall patches,repairs and updates Enhancements to expand system capabilities 2. 1. Project schedule A project schedule for the development of a web based recruitment process system for the human resource of an organization showing an activity and its estimated time period. ActivityEstimated Time Planning4 weeks Analysis5 weeks Design7 weeks Implementation9 weeks Overall project25 weeks 2. 2. Gantt chart MONTHSEPTEMBEROCTTOBERNOVEMBERDECEMBERJANUARYFEBRUARY WEEKS1234512341234123412341234 ACTIVITIES PLANNING ANALYSIS DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION OVERALL PROJECT 3. METHODOLOGY This will include various methods of collecting data. It comprises of two parts thats the research methodology which includes primary sources and development methodology which includes the design tools. 3. 1. Research methodology This will involve various methods that will be used to collect data and these include primary sources and secondary sources. . 1. 1. Primary sources 3. 1. 2. Observation During the research, I will see exactly what happens at the institute and also interact with the staff members of human resource department at the institute. During that period I will be able to observe and analyze the conditions of the work at the institute. 3. 1. 3. Oral interviews There will be free interaction with the staff members of human resource department and I will ask them some questions pertaining to the topic under study. The interviews will be aimed at getting an understanding the current situation. . 1. 4. Questionnaires The use of pre-printed questionnaires will be of great use since confidentiality will have to be maintained especially among the human resource department. It will comprise of both open ended and closed questions, questionnaires which will be distributed to each member of the human resource department. From this procedure, I will be able to get their views about the recruitment process. They will be requested to give their views on how to solve the problems at hand. 3. 1. 5. Secondary sources 3. 1. 6. Library research I will also have a review of the secondary data to gather information about the research problems mostly in the required area of the study. For this method various texts on databases and database management system will be of great help during the research; these will include a number of textbooks, journals, articles and the world wide web, that is ; internet which will be also my secondary source of information. 3. 2. Development methodology This will involve various design tools that will be used to collect data. 3. 2. 1. Design tools For this project , I will use PHP and MySQL as the prime design tools because of the following reasons below; 3. 2. 2 PHP Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) is an HTML embedded programming language which executes scripts on a server and allows web designers to create dynamic content that interacts with databases. It supports the use of database servers such as MySQL, Informix and Solid. 3. 2. 3. Advantages of PHP It is fast and easy because its embedded in HTML code, the response time is short and PHP contains many special features and functions needed to create dynamic web pages. Its cross platform. It runs on a variety of operating systems for example Windows, Linux. It accesses everything. Has a built in set of functions that make getting whatever you need very easy. It is constantly being improved. A variety of developers look to improve the product almost daily. It is free. You can get support from different people. That is technical support is widely available. A large base of users provides free support through e-mail discussions list. 3. 2. 4. MySQL MySQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS) that interacts with Sructured Query Language(SQL), a tool for editing, accessing and processing data within a database. . 2. 5. Advantages of MySQL Fast Stable Easy to learn Runs on popular OS (Windows, Linux, Mac OS X etc) Applications can be created in great variety of programming languages such as C, C++ ,Java etc Extensively documented on the internet and there many books on the subject available. Available for many applications free of charge (GPL License) Cheaper M ySQL is a relational database system Other tools to be used will include drawing tools such as gimp, adobe photo, computer aided software engineering tools, html, text editors such as notepad Table of contents Page Introduction.. 1 Background of the case study.. 1-2 Problem statement 2 Objectives of the study 2 Activities and deliverables 3-4 Project schedule. 4 Methodology. 5-7

Authors Here are 10 Must-Read Marketing Books

Authors Here are 10 Must-Read Marketing Books The 10 Best Marketing Books for Authors Most authors have enough saved blog posts on how to market a book to fill an anthology. But the benefit of a marketing book is that it covers one person's philosophy or approach from start to finish, so you can get a better look at the whole picture. Blog surfing can result in a lot of conflicting half-thoughts. So if you’re looking to brush up on your marketing savvy but still want the pleasure of flicking through chapters of seamless narrative, we suggest taking a look at the following ten best marketing books for authors - all hand-picked by the industry experts on our marketplace! Check out the 10 best marketing books for authors as suggested by industry professionals! 1. Online Marketing for Busy Authors: A Step-By-Step Guide - Fauzia BurkeYou may be a great author. But are you a great copywriter? The two skills require separate muscles, but both are important to get right if you want your work to end up on people’s reading lists’. This book goes over how to structure compelling copy for the various types of media you might be advertising on, covers common copywriting mistakes, and provides templates you can apply to your own product. You’ll be ready to join the ranks of Don Draper in no time.TLDR: Born-writer but not born-marketer? Learn how to write all over again - this time copy that will allow you to increase your sales on Amazon and to get more out of an adverts you run. "It doesn’t make you any less of an artist to know the ins and outs of marketing." #Marketingadvice this way! 10.  Make Art Make Money: Lessons from Jim Henson on Fueling Your Creative Career - Elizabeth Hyde StevensThis one is not technically about marketing, but after a steady diet of books on â€Å"targeting† and â€Å"strategizing,† we wanted to end this list on an inspirational note. As the title suggests, this book follows the life of Jim Henson (the man who brought us The Muppets) and is about being an artist while also making money. Its two most important lessons focus on:the importance of creators remaining at least partly in control of their enterprises (a shout-out to self-publishing authors if we’ve ever heard one!), andbalance: don’t let money make you lose sight of your passion, but don’t neglect your business savvy. It doesn’t make you any less of an artist to know the ins and outs of marketing, it ensures you can continue to create by allowing you to reach audiences/customers.TLDR: Don’t read this book for actionable marketin g tips - read it to remind yourself that your work’s success is worth fighting for.Have you read one of these books?  Do you have any favorites we didn't mention? Drop them in the comments below and we'll add them to the list!

Starbucks Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Starbucks Case Study - Essay Example The location for the first store was, in Seattle in the â€Å"touristy Pikes Place Market†. The name of the store was Starbucks Coffee, Tea and Spice. The setting of the store was to quote the website â€Å"modest, hand-built nautical fixtures†. On one wall was filled with whole bean coffees while another had shelves of coffee products. Peet owned a store called Peet’s Coffee and Tea. It was in this store that Peet thought of how these three would-be founders of how to brew the coffee beans in a manner that brought out their flavour (Thompson and Gamble 1997). In the beginning, according to the official company website, the method of brewing this coffee was the European way. This method was chosen because it brought out the full flavour of the beans. In addition, the name of the company was drawn from a character in the Moby Dick who loved coffee. The company logo was in continuance of this romantic ideal which was a two-tailed mermaid encircled by the companyâ⠂¬â„¢s name (Thompson and Gamble 1997). Between 1982 and 1985, the company hired Howard Schultz as head of marketing and overseeing retail stores. By then, the company had four stores within Seattle. After a while of experience, a lot of a challenges, as well as, resistance from the top management, Schultz quit to form his own company called â€Å"II Giornale†. This was the company that in 1987 purchased Starbucks and by 1992 had established 161 stores. It was after 1992 that the company went public in a highly successful initial Public Offering (Thompson and Gamble 1997). Starbucks Culture as per Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Hofstede a Dutch social psychologist came up with four dimensions, which were later reversed upward to six (Piepenburg 2011). In his opinion, these dimensions influence human thinking, organizations and institutions in a certain, predictable manner (Piepenburg 2011). These dimensions are power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism/colle ctivism, and masculinity/femininity. According to Hofstede, the first dimension is Power Distance Index (PDI). In this dimension, the main focus is on how a society or organization is stratified. Equality or inequality is the major reference point of this dimension (Piepenburg 2011). Going back to the Starbucks, there is a difference in terms of the Power Distance. Under the original founding partners, the company did not seem to hold the employees in high esteem. A case in point was the request for the extension of healthcare to part time workers, which had been turned down. Under Schultz, the company took a different path. This involved extending the coverage to all employees working 20 or more hours, and it was similar to the coverage extended to the fulltime employees (Thompson and Gamble 1997).This was mainly driven by Schultz’s humble background and the desire to not let others go through what his father had to endure. Another dimension is Uncertainty Avoidance Index (U AI). This dimension is defined as the extent to which people within a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations (Thomson and Baden-Fuller 2010).Accordingly Uncertainty Avoidance Index is higher in countries that citizens are more emotional and motivated by inner nervous energy (Thomson and Baden-Fuller 2010). In this case, the UAI in the United States was lower than it was in France when Starbucks was making a foray into this country. This indicates that the general French conservative citizens preferred their traditional coffee houses to the

Week 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 2 - Assignment Example Yes, Offensive Cyber-Warfare is Already Here and Thinking Again: Cyber War†. These articles have information about cybercrime and its related offences and outcomes. The essay as a whole provides an in depth look into the issue of cybercrime. Through a company case study, the essay affirms the need for a proper and functional intrusion system to be used to mitigate cybercrimes. Regions which require high security are those with valuable items, potentially dangerous materials, and information. The ease of intrusion depends on the security system used. It is essential that the system implemented meets the intended function. The system’s function should be carefully monitored to understand its weakness and strengths. The understudy company uses the security guards at the entrance, but once someone is within the building, he or she is free to roam around. Although there are cameras and motion sensors, they are deactivated during the day and are less in numbers. During installation of these security items, distribution was not taken into consideration. The weakness therefore is the deactivation and distribution. Furthermore, the company lacks an offsite monitoring; this offers an opportunity to an intruder to access a restricted area and escape before being noticed. Craighead suggests that â€Å"in the case of offsite monitoring, once notified of an int rusion alarm, the central station staff will either notify security staff at the building† (2009, p. 310). Insecurity over the secured places is often critical. Aside from the presence of security personnel, the most appropriate additional system is the use of technology. An intrusion system is quite an effective security solution. Intrusion systems offer security alerts to security guards and other responsible individuals. The intrusion alert systems incorporate infrastructure that provides adequate security requirements. According to Barnard, â€Å"a physical security system consists

Alloparenting Essay Example for Free

Alloparenting Essay As an expression of a mother-infant bond, many different species learn to raise their young together or for the other family member, which is known as alloparenting. This bond allows for multiple influences on the infant, the mother, and the group as a whole. These influences are advantages in many ways, one if the mother perishes the infant stands a better chance of being taken on by another member of the family, two if the mother is needed to go out and find food or water, the child will be able to stay with someone until she returns, and three young females who keep other infants have a chance to further their own future parenting skills. The idea of alloparenting can be seen in many societies, but mainly in primates. . In the case of primates, where individuals other than the birth parents help raise, nurture, and in general interact with is called alloparenting. One of the many benefits of living in social groups is the ability to reach out to other family and friends in a time of need. It helps us bond together and form long lasting relationships with one another. This connection built is crucial to the development of expressive and receptive behavior. The idea of helping one another is both needed and to some degree expected. In most cases the people around you are more than willing to give a helping hand, in other cases they may not have the option but to take on a new member to their family. This could be seen as foster care, babysitting, child care, or even as family time. When a mother gives birth to an infant, the hope is the baby will live a long and healthy life. In the case of the mother not making it after child birth, someone will take over the child and raise it as their own. This, in the primate world, is considered an â€Å"aunt†, and would replace the role of the maternal needs for the child. If for some reason the mother has to leave the group, either for banishment or to find food for the others, the infant may be taken care of by an alloparent until the mother returns or the remainder of the infant’s life. One of the most crucial parts of alloparenting is the chance for younger generations of females to gain a better understanding of the role of motherhood. This allows them to be trained earlier on in life and have a better foundation for when they have infants of their own. The benefits of alloparenting can be seen for generations and show how dedicated primates are to what they understand to be family. Primates know instinctively their survival depends on the survival of the offspring being born and raised to a mature age. The foundation built for the infants is the key to future knowledge and understanding of their way of life. In short, alloparenting has been working for many generations in many groups of life. The idea of training young generations of soon to be moms and preparing them for the road ahead is something maybe more groups should adopt. Ensuring the groups survival by taking on the responsibility of an infant even if the infant is not their own, because of an absent mother for whatever the reason may be. Just knowing the bond and connection exists between other living species is phenomenal. Aristotle once said â€Å"In all things of nature there is something of the marvelous† and alloparenting is just one of the many wonders nature has bestowed among us.

Wages of Sin Revealed in The Divine Comedy :: Divine Comedy Inferno Essays

Wages of Sin Revealed in The Divine Comedy      Ã‚   In his poem The Divine Comedy. The Inferno, Dante Alighieri gives his audience a clear vivid presentation of what he as a follower of the Christian religion perceives to be hell. Dante shows that human sin is punishable in various degrees of severity and that this is dependent on the nature of one's sinful actions. He sets forth what could very well be the most fully developed Christian understanding of justice on earth, and that is; that what we do as human beings will determine what happens to us in the event of death based on God's judgment. In writing his poem Dante uses symbolism, allegorism and imagery among other literary effects to place his poem analogically to life as it was during his day and age. Dante structures The Inferno around thirty four cantos. Each of these cantos marks a steady progression from the mildest to the worst of sins. The cantos depict sinners under various forms of punishment which are commensurate to the nature of their sins.   Dante categorizes sin into three different categories of fraud, incontinence and violence. In canto I he mentions three animals namely , a leopard, a lion and a she-wolf. These animals act as symbolisms for the various types of sins. The sin^à ±s depicted in canto XVIII are symbolized by the she-wolf which acts as a symbol for the sins of fraud. The sins of fraud are placed the furthest from God in the deepest pits of hell, near Satan. In canto XVIII Dante and his guide Virgil find themselves in the eighth circle, called the Malebolge. It is in the Malebolge, that each of the kinds of simple fraud are punished in the concentric ditches.   In the first ditch, Dante sees two files of naked sinners each running in opposite direction, whipped by demons. These sinners are the panderers and the seducers. Dante recognizes Venedico Caccianemico, a man he once knew. Venedico in this case is depicted as having sold his sister, Ghisola to serve the will and lust of another man, Marquis. Dante at this point uses a fellow contemporary to show what happens when one goes against the will of God and sins. Venedico betrays his family ties and his indifference in this act results in his eternal punishment of being whipped by demons.

A Paper Review on the Economics of the Middle East

Workforce is a significant aspect in every country’s economy.   There are some areas that has a large number of employment opportunities yet with just a few people applying for work which could be due to lack of skill or because of culture when it comes to women workers especially the married ones.This usually becomes an issue in places where women are not able to work so that they could tend to their children everyday.   In some countries, it still taboo for women to get employed since their role is considered as a housekeeper thus not requiring them to seek employment and it is the husbands’ role to be the breadwinner and be the one to put food on the table.This research paper was conducted to help determine whether child care availability would affect women’s employment decisions in the Arab countries, most specifically in Israel where the free Pre-Kindergarten Law for three to four year old kids was implemented last September 1999. This also tried to find out about the effects of child care costs on fertility.According to Analia Schosser, who wrote the research paper, women’s participation in the labor force would help promote women empowerment and gender equality.   This would also help in the progress of a country’s economy and modernization.   A minimal labor force participation of women is often attributed to cultural factors.  I do agree with the author of this paper that having women in the labor force would allow them to earn a living and be able to help support their families financially at the same time help their country’s economy and   also reduce the gender gaps in the employment area.   Mothers would also realize how imperative it is for their kids to get early childhood education to build a foundation for their children’s education.This paper may be based on a study done in one country only but there are some countries that are somewhat of the same situation as that of Israel and t his will serve as a basis of a change in the role of women in their societies as well. This could boost the economy of one place if women consider seeking employment and were at the same time considered for employment by certain companies.   This could also enhance the educational growth of children who are of pre-school age.It was found in this research that the Pre-Kindergarten Law of Israel successfully fulfilled two aspects which were the increase of children’s enrollment in pre-school and the increase of the women’s labor supply.It just goes to show that women gave the priority in child-rearing thus giving them no time to seek for employment or they could not afford to put their children to get a pre-school education but when free education was available, it significantly showed a change in the women’s participation on the labor force thereby helping their country as well.   The research also found that there were no short-term fertility responses among mothers affected by the intervention.It would strengthen the findings of this research and be very essential if a follow up is made after a few more years among the same communities offered by the free pre-school education.   A research of the same kind will also help if conducted in another country that has the same predicament.Researches of this type can help a government’s decision on what aspect and ways they need to implement for the enhancement of their community and their economy.Works Cited Schlosser, Analà ­a. â€Å"Public Preschool and the Labor Supply of Arab Mothers: Evidence from a  Ã‚   Natural Experiment.† 2005.   

Green Haven State Prison Essay

The individual who has been chosen for this paper is Leroy â€Å"Nicky† Barnes who is an African American who became a legend in the history of organized crime. Born in October 15 1993, he is a former crime boss and even drug dealer who was the leader of the crime organization that was notoriously known as The Council, which mainly comprised of African – Americans (Roberts, 6). He was even nicknamed Mr. Untouchable owing to the manner in which his operations were well calculated. He was once a dope addict, but later stopped the habit of using the drug and became a distributor of heroin, as a matter of fact a main one in Harlem, New York. In his autobiography that he wrote about his life, Barnes says that the first heroin that he ever sold was one that belonged to his father, which he was holding for dealing within the street corners. He managed to sell some of this heroine to the older guys within his neighborhood, and he managed to make some easy money, and this made him to even value heroine more (Roberts, 6). Barnes later graduated to dealing for another dealer who was more established than him, whose name was Fat Herbie. This is the man that brought Barnes to the Italians with whom he made contact. With this connection, he was able to have heroine imported for him by the Italians, whose reputation for good heroine was good. In the 1950s, Barnes would make up to 1600 dollars a day from selling heroine packages, and managed to hire a security guy and some street dealers with the money that he got (Roberts, 6). He even bragged that his drugs was one of the best in the streets and kept the quality high, while ensuring that the cut was low. He claimed to know what addicts mainly wanted considering that he was once an addict himself. By the time it was 1959, people had started requesting for his packages and they were so famous that they had a name, and they were called that ‘Nicky Barnes thing’. This was his first step towards success, but it was short lived as he was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison in Green Haven State Prison, and this cut short his business operations (Roberts, 6). While in prison he met another Italian who he had earlier been introduced to. His name was Matty, short for Matthew and he educated him on how to run a drug ring. He told him that to be organized; he had to have at least 50 people working under him, as each person would act as a layer of protection (Roberts, 6). Three years later, Barnes was released and now that he had made some serious connections, he knew that he now had to make some big money. He was given a couple of things to start up his operation with including half a kilogram of heroine by Frank Madonna, and a car and house in which to stash his drugs in. he then managed top find seven strong men whom he included in his organization, since he knew that with strong men on his side it would all work. These men who later came to form the council included; Frank James, Thomas Foreman, Joseph Hayden, Guy Fischer, Wallace Rice and Ishmael Muhammed (Roberts, 6). 2. BUSINESSES Barnes later graduated to dealing for another dealer who was more established than him, whose name was Fat Herbie. This is the man that brought Barnes to the Italians with whom he made contact. With this connection, he was able to have heroine imported for him by the Italians, whose reputation for good heroine was good. In the 1950s, Barnes would make up to 1600 dollars a day from selling heroine packages, and managed to hire a security guy and some street dealers with the money that he got (Barnes, 352).. He even bragged that his drugs was one of the best in the streets and kept the quality high, while ensuring that the cut was low (Barnes, 352).. He claimed to know what addicts mainly wanted considering that he was once an addict himself. By the time it was 1959, people had started requesting for his packages and they were so famous that they had a name, and they were called that ‘Nicky Barnes thing’. This was his first step towards success, but it was short lived as he was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison in Green Haven State Prison, and this cut short his business operations (Barnes, 352). The manner in which the business between Matty and Barnes was operating was very organized and well planned (Barnes, 352).. Matty would park a car that was filled with drugs at a spot that was pre arranged, then the key would be passed on to Barnes, who would then send one of his men to drive the car to the destination and sell the drugs. The car would then be taken to another pre arranged spot, this time filled with money and the key passed on to Matty. In this way, they both managed to make millions of dollars in their operation (Barnes, 352). 3. Theory Rational choice theory is one theory that seems to fit into this organization which is The Council or even the case of Barnes. This theory is of the notion that man is a reasoning individual who tends to weigh the beliefs and costs the means and the ends and makes a choice that is most rationale according to his understanding (Abadinsky, 98). This theory is related to several other theories including the drift theory and even the systematic crime theory. The theory states that in order for crime to take place there has to be three elements that have to be present; and offender who is motivated, a target that is available and suitable and finally the lack of an authoritative figure that is capable of preventing the crime from taking place (Chainey, 20). This theory fits into the case of Barnes and The Council, more so considering that the motivation that Barnes had was to be successful, the target available was the drug addicts that were present in Harlem and the law enforcers were unavailable to stop their operations. Barnes also used reasoning to weigh the profits and losses in all his decisions, and this managed to define his success. 4. LAW ENFORCEMENT’S RESPONSE Apart from the short three year stint that Barnes served in Green Haven State Prison, Barnes and some of the member of his crew were arrested, with Barnes being sentenced to life. He was charged with the crime of heading a criminal enterprise and also fined 125,000 dollars (Abadinsky, 67). References Abadinsky, Howard. Drug Use and Abuse: A Comprehensive Introduction. New York: Cengage Learning, 2007. Print. Abadinsky, Howard. Organized crime. New York: Nelson-Hall, 1985. Print. Abadinsky, Howard. Understanding Crime: Essentials of Criminological Theory. New York: Cengage Learning, 2009. Print Chainey, Spencer & Ratcliffe, Jerry. GIS and Crime Mapping. John Wiley & Sons, 2005. Print. Clarke, R. V. & Eck, J. Becoming a Problem-Solving Crime Analyst. Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science. London: University College London, 2003. Print. Leroy â€Å"Nicky† Barnes, Tom Folsom. Mr. Untouchable: My Crimes and Punishments (March 6, 2007 ed. ). Rugged Land. p. 352. Roberts, Sam. Crime’s ‘Mr. Untouchable’ Emerges From Shadows. New York: New York Times, 2007. http://www. nytimes. com/2007/03/04/nyregion/04nicky. html. Retrieved 2010-05-03.

HONDA Report Essays

HONDA Report Essays HONDA Report Essay HONDA Report Essay Introduction. Soichiro Honda was born on November 17, 1906, in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan. He was a racer, a businessman, and a manufacturer. He dreamed of a better way of making piston rings, founded a small company, and began production. He was also a Japanese engineer and industrialist, and founder of Honda Motor Company, Ltd, which is a Japanese multinational corporation primarily know as a manufacturer of automobiles and motorcycles. Headquartered in Japan, Honda Motor Company is one of the major producers of quality motor vehicles around the world. Honda Motor Company is by far the worlds biggest motorcycle maker since 1959. Hondas quality, innovation and reliability have made it one of the most sought after car brands in the world. Its major car models such as Accord have occupied the leadership position in global sales for years now. Honda cars are also renowned for their fuel efficiency and have a loyal customer following all around the world. Hondas leadership position is sustained due to its enormous focus on RD, quality and innovation. Along with Toyota, its major competitor, Honda has ruled the US markets with its uccessful models and captured market share of American manufacturers such as GM and Ford. This success turned Hondas focus to another dream, the American Dream, and the company also moved away from other companies who relied upon distributors to sell their bikes when the company set up its headquarters in the west coast of America. Company overview 0 Honda has grown to become the worlds largest motorcycle manufacturer and one of the leading automakers. Honda develops, manufactures and markets a wide variety of products ranging from small general-purpose engines and scooters to pecialty sports cars, to earn the Honda Motor Company an outstanding reputation from customers worldwide. The Companys business is carried out through four segments: The Two-Wheel segment manufactures two-wheel vehicles All-terrain vehicles (ATVs) Personal watercrafts And other related products. The Four-Wheel segment offers four-wheel vehicles and other related products. The first production automobile from Honda was the T360 mini pick-up truck, which went on sale in August 1963. He was produced as a conventional rear wheel drive pickup truck, a flatbed with folding sides, and as a covered van. But, Hondas major car models include its best selling Accord, Civic, CRV, Hybrid car Insight and its luxury range of cars under the Acura brand. The Accord automobile followed in 1976, the same year that American Honda released its first automatic transmission motorcycle, the CB750A. The Honda Civic is a line of subcompact and subsequently compact cars. On the automotive side, Honda became the first manufacturer to finish first, second and third in the Motor Trend Import Cars of the Year selections. The word ? « civic ? » means of, or relating to a citizen, a city, citizenship or civil affairs. As its name suggests, the Civic incorporated Hondas wish to create a car for all people, a car for the world. The Financial segment in engaged in the provision of financial and insurance services. The General-purpose and Others segment is engaged in the manufacture of general-purpose products and its related products. Headquartered in Tokyo, the Company has over 400 subsidiaries and over 100 associated companies in Japan, North America, Europe, Asia and other districts. It is essential that Honda Motor Company focused on making its cars more fuel- efficient. To make this idea work, Honda will need to spend heavily on continuous research and development. Such R process is an on-going activity at progressive and innovative organizations like Honda. Hondas engineers will need to think out of the box and come up with innovative technologies that can really set apart Honda from its compet itors. Focusing on high HP-to-weight ratio engines and environment friendly hybrid vehicles will help the company to protect its market share in the future. For example, the two seated Insight model, which derived its power from a ombination of a 3-cylinder gasoline engine, and a large battery pack providing power-assist during acceleration was a good start. Another innovation is the use of ethanol as an efficient and more environment friendly gas substitute. Honda Motor Company needs to create new models or redesign existing models to be more friendly and geared for comfort of the older generations, such as the baby boomers. This comfort should be teamed with a fashionable look, as baby boomers dont want to be reminded of their aging bodies. To come up with this range of product mix, Honda will need to make significant capital expenditure. However, this strategy can be dangerous as Honda might lose its focus. In an effort to capture this segment of the marketplace, Honda might lose its quality and strategic focus. However, if this option is pursued, Honda will need to raise capital in the form of equity as well debt in a suitable combination to fund this capital expenditure. 0 Honda is already expanding their U. S. production, today, 80% of the 1. 3 million cars Honda sells in North America are made at North American factories, and the parts in Hondas American cars increasingly come from local suppliers. Honda plans to increase its production from the current 1. 4 million units a year to 1. 62 million units within a year. This new growth should be put in areas where the cost of living is relatively low. This will ensure that Honda can pay workers fair wages for the area. Creating a loyalty to American made products is no t the only reason that Honda needs to expand its local production levels. Since over 70% of revenue for Honda is gained in America, it is important to make the vehicles where or close to where they are sold. With the ever-changing exchange rate between the United States and Japan, local production gives Honda stability. This helps Honda to be much more resistant to exchange fluctuations, says Satoshi Aoki, senior managing director at Honda in To Conclusion Unlike other global businesses that see size as the key to survival, Honda embraces the ideal that even as Honda operations expand around the globe, they want to maintain the qualities of a small company that is close to its customers. The ability to produce a worthwhile product with the speed, flexibility and efficiency of a small company and the essential elements of a large company global reach and echnological strength, is what drives them into the future and will continue to help them strategize their global efforts. Hondas global strategy is very simple put cost-effective plants in areas that best meet the needs of local customers. They integrate plants into markets with a Small Born manufacturing strategy, starting small and then expanding as local demand increases. This thinking has helped them establish more than 100 factories in 33 countries, an approach that allows Honda to achieve efficiency and profitability, even at low production volumes.

Definitions and Examples of Debates

Definitions and Examples of Debates Broadly defined, a debate is a discussion involving opposing claims:  an argument. The word comes from Old French, meaning to beat. Its also known (in classical rhetoric) as  contentio. More specifically, a debate is a regulated contest in which two opposing sides defend and attack a proposition. Parliamentary debate is an academic event held at many schools, colleges, and universities. Debate Examples and Observations In several senses, there is no correct way to debate. Standards, and even rules, differ between- and sometimes within- communities...There are at least eight distinct college debate organizations with their own rules and styles of debate. (Gary Alan Fine, Gifted Tongues: High School Debate and Adolescent Culture. Princeton University Press, 2001) Skilled political debaters will first present their overall theme in the introductory statement if the opportunity to make such a statement is allowed in the debate format being used. Then they will reinforce it with answers to as many specific questions as possible. Finally, they will return to it in their concluding statement.(Judith S. Trent and Robert Friedenberg, Political Campaign Communication: Principles and Practices, 6th ed. Rowman Littlefield, 2008) Argumentation and Debate Argumentation is the process whereby humans use reason to communicate claims to one another. . . .Argumentation is useful in activities like negotiation and conflict resolution because it can be used to help people find ways to resolve their differences. But in some of these situations, differences cannot be resolved internally and an outside adjudicator must be called. These are the situations that we call debate. Thus, according to this view, debate is defined as the process of arguing about claims in situations where the outcome must be decided by an adjudicator.​ (The Debatabase Book. International Debate Education Association, 2009) How to argue is something people are taught. You learn it by watching other people, at the breakfast table, or in school, or on TV, or, lately, online. It’s something you can get better at, with practice, or worse at, by imitating people who do it badly.  More formal debate follows established rules and standards of evidence. For centuries, learning how to argue was the centerpiece of a liberal-arts education. (Malcolm X studied that kind of debate while he was in prison. Once my feet got wet, he said, I was gone on debating.) Etymologically and historically, the artes liberales are the arts acquired by people who are free, or liber. Debating, like voting, is a way for people to disagree without hitting one another or going to war: it’s the key to every institution that makes civic life possible, from courts to legislatures. Without debate, there can be no self-government.​ (Jill Lepore, The State of Debate. The New Yorker, September 19, 2016) Evidence in Debates Debate teaches cutting-edge  research skills. Because the quality of an argument often depends on the strength of the supporting evidence, debaters quickly learn to find the best evidence. This means going beyond run-of-the-mill Internet sources to government hearings, law reviews, professional journal articles, and book-length treatments of subjects. Debaters learn how to evaluate study methodology and source credibility...Debaters also learn how to process massive amounts of data into usable argument briefs. Argument briefs bring together the strongest logical reasons and evidence supporting various positions. The ability to gather and organize evidence into logical units is a skill that is treasured by business makers, government policy-makers, legal practitioners, scientists, and educators.​ (Richard E. Edwards, Competitive Debate: The Official Guide. Alpha Books, 2008) U.S. Presidential Debates American doesnt really have presidential debates. Instead, we have joint appearances where candidates recite talking points in settings so carefully controlled by party apparatchiks that the only real wrangling is over the height of the lecterns and the temperature of the drinking water. As with so many other aspects of the political process, debates that should be enlightening, perhaps even transformational, are instead stage-managed to satisfy the demands of power brokers with money and connections rather than the needs of democracy.​ (John Nichols, Open the Debates! The Nation, September 17, 2012)Thats what were missing. Were missing argument. Were missing debate. Were missing colloquy. Were missing all sorts of things. Instead, were accepting.​ (Studs Terkel) Women and Debates Following Oberlin Colleges admission of women in 1835, they were grudgingly permitted to have  rhetorical preparation in elocution, composition, criticism, and argument. Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown helped to organize the first womens debating society there, for women were banned from public speaking in their rhetoric classroom because of its mixed audience status.​ (Beth Waggenspack, Women Emerge as Speakers: Nineteenth-Century Transformations of Womens Role in the Public Area. The Rhetoric of Western Thought, 8th ed., by James L. Golden et al. Kendall/Hunt, 2003) Online Debates Debate is a maneuver where learners are divided onto opposing sides, generally as teams, to discuss a contentious issue. Learners are afforded the opportunity to improve their analytic and communication skills by formulating ideas, defending positions, and critiquing counter positions. Historically, a debate is a structured activity; however, online media permit a wider range of designs for online debates, from an inflexibly structured exercise to a process with minimal structure. When an online debate is more rigid, step-by-step instructions are provided for debate and defense, as in a formal face-to-face debate. When online debate is designed with less structure, it operates as an online discussion concerning a controversial issue.​ (Chih-Hsiung Tu, Online Collaborative Learning Communities. Libraries Unlimited, 2004) The Lighter Side of Debates Ms. Dubinsky: Wed like you to join our debate team.Lisa Simpson: We have a debate team?Ms. Dubinsky: Its the only extracurricular activity that doesnt require any equipment.Principal Skinner: Because of budget cuts, we had to improvise. Ralph Wiggum will be your lectern.​ (To Surveil, with Love, The Simpsons, 2010)